Apocynaceae

Allamanda L. [Not native]

Photos

1. Allamanda cathartica L., Mant. 2 (1771) 214; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 372; EPFP 3 (1923) 320. --Allamanda hendersonii Bull. ex Dombr., Fl. Mag. 5 (1866) t. 263; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 372; EPFP 3 (1923) 320. Native to tropical America. Cultivated and naturalized in the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Sur (photos), Catanduanes, MINDORO, SAMAR. Photos
2. Allamanda schottii Pohl, Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1(3) (1827) 73. Native to South America. Cultivated. Naturalized in forest edges. MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos). Photos

Alstonia R.Br.

1. Alstonia iwahigensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1447; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 321; --Sidiy., Blumea, Suppl. 11 (1998) 135; --D.J.Middleton, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 5 (2004) 19; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18  (2007) 44; --Type: Elmer 13167 (L, lecto; A, BO, G, GH,  HBG, MICH, MO, NY, US, Z, iso), Palawan: Palawan, Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar (Thumb  Peak). Borneo, Philippines. BALABAC, PALAWAN. Primary and secondary forests up to 600m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11).
2. Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don, Gen. Syst. 4 (1837) 87; --A.DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 409; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 322; --Markgraf, Blumea 22 (1974) 28; --Sidiy., Blumea, Suppl. 11 (1998) 149; --D.J.Middleton, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 5 (2004) 20; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 46. --Alstonia batino Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 589; --Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 335 (L, neo; A, BM, BO, F, K, MO, NY, P, W, iso), Luzon: Bulacan, Angat. --Alstonia oblongifolia Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 65; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 322; --Type: FB 4495 Curran (K, lecto; NY, P, US, iso), Palawan. --Alstonia macrophylla var. mollis Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 322; --Type: FB 17128 Curran (L, lecto; BO, iso), Luzon: Cagayan. --Alstonia paucinervia Merr., PJS 5 c (1910) Bot. 224; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 322; --Type: FB 18726 Darling (US, lecto), Luzon: Camarines. Andaman Isls, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Moluccas, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Peninsular Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. GUIMARAS, LUZON: Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines, Ilocos Norte,  Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, MINDANAO, ROMBLON. In open forests and thickets at low and medium elevation; common. Photos
3. Alstonia parvifolia Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philipp.) 35 (1906) 59; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 322; --Markgraf, Blumea 22 (1974) 27; --Sidiy., Blumea, Suppl. 11 (1998) 160; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 18 (2007) 49; --Type: FB 2209 Meyer (K, lecto; NY, isolecto), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Rizal, NEGROS. Secondary growth in logged-over forests; rocky forested slopes and exposed ridges on Mt Mariveles, 800-1000m. Photos
4. Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br., Mém. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1 (1811) 76; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 372; EPFP 3 (1923) 322; --Markgraf, Blumea 22 (1974) 23; --Sidiy., Blumea, Suppl. 11 (1998) 176; --D.J.Middleton, Tree Fl. Sabah & Sarawak 5 (2004) 22; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 57; --Echites scholaris L., Mant. Pl. 1 (1767) 53. Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pakistan, Peninsular Malaysia, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. LUZON to PALAWAN and MINDANAO, in most or all islands and provinces. In primary and secondary forests at low and medium elevation. Photos
5. Alstonia spectabilis R.Br., Mém. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1 (1811) 76; --Markgraf, Blumea 22 (1974) 23; --Sidiy., Blumea, Suppl. 11 (1998) 184; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 61; --Type: from Timor. --Alstonia angustifolia auct. non Wall. ex A.DC.; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 321, as to Elmer 10840. Australia, Bismarck Arch, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao.   

Alyxia R.Br.

1. Alyxia angustifolia Ridley, J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 6 (1915) 161; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977)  385, pro parte; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 29; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 74; --Type: from Peninsular Malaysia. Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines. PALAWAN.  
2. Alyxia angustissima Merr. & Quisumb., PJS 82 (1954) 334; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 410; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 31; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 75; --Type: PNH 8018 Celestino (A, holo; A, K, L, PNH, iso), Luzon: Ifugao, Mt Polis, Mar-1948. Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT (PPI 4559 Gaerlan, Sagcal & Fernando), LUZON: Ifugao. Dipterocarp forest on clay on Dinagat, montane forest, c. 1900m on Mt Polis. Photos
3. Alyxia concatenata (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 310; EPFP 3 (1923) 327; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 393; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 29; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18  (2007) 80; --Brabejum concatenatum Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 40; --Type: Not traced, Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 159 (L, neo; A (scrap), BM, BO,  GH, K, MO, NY, P, US, W, isoneo), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso. --Gymnopogon moniliferus (S.Vidal) Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philipp.) 29 (1905) 46; --Alyxia monilifera S.Vidal, Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 182; --Type: Vidal 461 (K, lecto; K, isolecto), Luzon: Quezon, Mt Banahaw. --Alyxia clusiacea (Baill.) Pichon, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 27 (1949)) 166; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 380, pro parte; --Paralstonia clusiacea Baill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1 (1888) 750; --Merr.,  EPFP 3 (1923) 323; --Type: Barthe s.n. (P, lecto; P, isolecto), Philippines. --Alyxia confertiflora Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 64; EPFP 3 (1923) 327; --Type: BS 16143 Reillo (US, lecto; A, BM, isolecto), Basilan. Aug/Sep-1912. --Alyxia quadrata Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 327, nom. nud.; --Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3692, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; --Voucher: Elmer 15827 (A, BISH, BM, BO, C, G, GH, HBG, K, L, MO,  NA, NY, P, S, U, UC, US, Z), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan. Apr-1916. --Alyxia luzoniensis auct. non Merr.; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 392, pro parte. Endemic to the Philippines. BABUYAN, BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. From lowland primary forests and secondary growth, lower montane or mossy forests, 200-2400m, on clay soils. Photos
4. Alyxia linearis Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 406; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 66; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 18 (2007) 92; --Alyxia rosmarinifolia Merr. & Quisumb., PJS 82 (1954) 335, nom. illeg., auct. non (Baill.) Guillaumin; --Type: PNH 176 Edaño (A, holo; A, L, PNH, iso), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Bacungan, 23-Mar-1947. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Forests on ultramafics, low elevation. Conservation status: Other Threatened Species (DAO 2017-11). Photos
5. Alyxia luzoniensis Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 313; EPFP 3 (1923) 328; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977)  392, pro parte; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 69; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007)  94; --Type: BS 7007 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost); BS 5107 Ramos (P, neo; NY, isoneo), Luzon: Mountain Province, Bontoc. --Brabejum lucidum Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 40; --Alyxia blancoi Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 330; EPFP 3 (1923) 327; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 401, pro parte; --Type: not traced; BS 11118  Ramos (L, neo; A, BM, K, P, US, isoneo), Cebu: hills above Cebu City. Mar-1912. --Alyxia lanceolata Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 53; EPFP 3 (1923) 328; --Type: BS 29209 Ramos (A, lecto; BO, K, NY, P, US, isolecto), Luzon: Quezon, Siniloan-Infanta Trail. --Alyxia laxiflora Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 54; EPFP 3 (1923) 328; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 408; --Type: BS 28371 Fenix (A, lecto; BM, BO, K, L, NY, P, US, isolecto), Luzon: Apayao, Mt Sulu. --Alyxia stenophylla Merr., PJS 17 (1921) 305; EPFP 3 (1923) 329; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 410; --Type: BS 35574 Martelino & Edaño (A, lecto; BO, K, L, NY, P, US, isolecto), Panay: Capiz, Mt Salibongbong. --Alyxia ecostata Merr. & Quisumb., PJS 82 (1954) 335; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 408; --Type: PNH 6421 Sulit (A, holo; BM, K, L, PNH, US, iso), Samar: Mt Calbiga, near Wright. Endemic to the Philippines. BATANES, CEBU, LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, PANAY, SAMAR. Thickets and forests from low to medium elevation, most common at 600-700m elevations, ascending to 1600m. Photos
6. Alyxia monticola C.B.Rob., PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 356; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 328; --Type: C.B. Robinson 9359 (untraced, fide Middleton), Luzon: Quezon, Mt Binuang. --Alyxia sibuyanensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1448; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 328; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 381, pro parte; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 115; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 119; --Type: Elmer 12137a (L, lecto; A, BISH, BM, BO, E, G, GH, HBG, K, NY, US, W, WRSL, Z, isolecto), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting. On shrubberies of wooded bank near a seepage gravelly soil of the Pauala River, 1000ft., Apr-1910. --Alyxia retusa Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 448; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) Bot. 328; --Type: BS 33330 Ramos (K, lecto; A, P, US, isolecto), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Mt Palimlim, Aug-1918. --Alyxia glabra Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 53; EPFP 3 (1923) Bot. 327; --Type: BS 29207 Ramos & Edaño (K, lecto; P, US, isolecto), Luzon: Quezon, Infanta-Siniloan Trail, Jun-1917. --Alyxia revoluta Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 52; EPFP 3 (1923) Bot. 328; --Type: BS 25515 Yates (US, lecto; K, P, isolecto), Luzon: Quezon, Mt Cadig, Dec-1916. Taiwan, Philippines. CEBU, DINAGAT, LUZON: Aurora, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Primary or secondary lowland to montane or gallery forest, or in thickets or mangroves, 0-1735m. On clay, rocky, volcanic or ultrabasic soils. Photos
   
7. Alyxia muguma D.J.Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 78; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 100; --Type: PNH 72704 Conklin & del Rosario (L, holo; A, K, PNH, iso), Luzon: Ifugao, Sumigar, near Banawe, 1680m. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao. Only known from the type collection. 
8. Alyxia obovatifolia Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 306; EPFP 3 (1923) 328; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 47 (2002) 75; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 102; --Type: BS 34492 Ramos & Pascasio (K, lecto), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, rather dry lowland thickets along streams, 25-Apr-1919. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte. Known only from the type collection. Possibly on ultramafics. 
9. Alyxia palawanensis Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 400; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 86; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 104; --Type: PNH 12397 Sulit (A, holo; A, BO, L, PNH, SING, iso), Palawan: Palawan, Victoria Mtns. Borneo, Sulawesi, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Primary ridge mossy forest with stunted trees, on sandstone or schist at 900-1950m. 
10. Alyxia parvifolia (Merr.) Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 313; EPFP 3 (1923) 328; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 392; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 89; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 106; --Gymnopogon parvifolius Merr., Publ. Bur. Govt. Lab. (Philipp.) 29 (1905) 46; --Type: Elmer 5800 (US, lecto; BO, G, K, NY, P, PNH, PR, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Sto. Tomas. Mar-1904. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Mossy forests, on rotting tree stumps or sandy-loamy soil, 1700-2500m. Note: on Middleton’s (2000) distribution map, two sites (i.e. Cagayan E coast and Manila) were likewise included. These two sites have elevations close to sea level. Photos
11. Alyxia reinwardtii Blume, Catalogus (1823) 43; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 386; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 45 (2000) 100; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 112; --Type: from Java. --Alyxia lucida Wall. in Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2 (1824) 540; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 328; --Markgr., Blumea 23 (1977) 389; --Type: from Singapore. Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. CULION, PALAWAN, TAWI-TAWI. Dry forests at low elevation in Culion.

Amphineurion (DC.) Pichon

Photos

1. Amphineurion marginatum (Roxb.) D.J.Middleton, Taxon 55 (2006) 502; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 129; --Aganosma marginata (Roxb.) G.Don, Gen. Hist. 4 (1837) 77; --Echites marginatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2 (1832) 16; --Aganosma acuminata (Roxb.) G.Don, Gen. Syst. 4 (1837) 77; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 374; EPFP 3 (1923) 334; --Echites acuminatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2 (1832) 15, nom. illeg., auct. non Ruiz & Pav.; --Type: Illustration 2461 of Echites acuminatus in the Roxburgh collection in Kew library. --Aganosma velutina A.DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 434; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 334; --Type: Cuming 1803 (G, lecto; E, G, K, L, MO, NY, P, TCD, UPS, W, isolecto). Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicobar Isls, Peninsular Malaysia, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Cavite, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, TICAO. Thickets and secondary forests, chiefly in seasonal areas at low and medium elevation. Photos

Anodendron DC.

1. Anodendron affine (Hook. & Arn.) Druce, Rep. Bot. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1916 (1917) 605; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 41 (1996) 40; --Middleton, Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 134; --Holarrhena affinis Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. (1837) 198; --Type: untraced; neotype from China. --Anodendron loheri Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 332; EPFP 3 (1923) Bot. 333; --Type: Loher 6494 (US, lecto; K, M, iso), Luzon: Zambales, Mt Pinatubo. Bangladesh, China, Japan, Laos, Myanmar, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Laguna, Rizal, Zambales, SAMAR. Lowland primary forests. Photos
2. Anodendron axillare Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 331; EPFP 3 (1923) Bot. 333; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 41 (1996) 42; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 136; --Type: FB 13572 Meyer & Foxworthy (US, lecto; L, isolecto), Negros: Negros Occidental, Faraon. Aug/Sep-1909. Borneo, Java, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte, NEGROS. Low and medium elevation forests.
3. Anodendron borneense (King & Gamble) D.J.Middleton, Blumea 41: 46 (1996); --Cleghornia borneensis King & Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 74 (1908) 492; --Type: from Borneo. Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN.
4. Anodendron candolleanum Wight, Icon. 4 (1848) t. 1309; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 41 (1996) 47; Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 137; --Type: from Peninsular Malaysia. Borneo, Java, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand, Philippines. BILIRAN. Note by P.B. Pelser (19-Apr-21): The Philippine record is based on PNH 21682 Sulit (A, K, L, LAE) from Mt Suiro.
5. Anodendron coriaceum (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2 (1857) 455; --Echites coriaceus Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 16 (1826) 1039; --Type: from Java. Borneo, Java, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Sumbawa, Thailand, Philippines. CEBU. Note by P.B. Pelser (19-Apr-21): The Philippine record is based on Bicknell 1085, Jul-1996.
   
6. Anodendron gracile (King & Gamble) D.J.Middleton, Blumea 41 (1996) 50; --Cleghornia gracilis King & Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 74 (1908) 491; --Type: from Peninsular Malaysia. Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines. PALAWAN.
7. Anodendron oblongifolium Hemsl., Ann. Bot. 5 (1891) 504; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 41 (1996) 52; Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 139; --Type: from Solomon Isls (San Cristobal). --Anodendron paniculatum auct. non A.DC.; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 333, pro parte (under syn. of Anodendron manubriatum). Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific, Solomon Isls, Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Surigao del Norte.
8. Anodendron parviflorum (Roxb.) I.M.Turner, Webbia 71 (2016) 227; --Echites parviflorus Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 1832 2 (1832) 20. --Anodendron paniculatum A.DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 444; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 41 (1996) 54; Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 139. LUZON. --Anodendron manubriatum (Wall.) Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 333; EPFP 3 (1923) Bot. 333. --Type: from Bangladesh. --Parsonsia bulusanensis Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 333, nom. illeg. (in synonymy of Anodendron manubriatum). Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Peninsular Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. DINAGAT, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Photos

Asclepias L. [Not native]

1. Asclepias curassavica L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 215; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 377; EPFP 3 (1923) 341. Native of the American tropics now pantropic in distribution. Throughout the Philippines in the settled areas, open waste places, etc., ascending to at least 1500m. Photos

Brachystelma R.Br. = Ceropegia

Calotropis R.Br. [Not native]

1. Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. in Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 2 (1811) 78; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 341; --Asclepias gigantea L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 214. Introduced from tropical Asia, now pantropic in distribution (usually planted as hedges). Secondary forest, wast places, fields, road sides. Photos

Carissa L. [Not native]

Photos

1. Carissa carandas L., Mant. Pl. 1 (1767) 52. Native to Bangladesh and India. Not native to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Lanao del Norte. Cultivated. Mark G. Rule (pers. com. 27-Oct-20): naturalized on Mt Agad-Agad in Iligan. Photos

Carruthersia Seem.

1. Carruthersia glabra D.J.Middleton, Harvard Pap. Bot. 8 (2003) 1; Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 155; --Type: PNH 6440 Sulit, Samar: Mt Calbiga. Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Midmontane forest at 300m.
2. Carruthersia pilosa (A.DC.) Fern.-Vill., Nov. App. (1880) 132; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) Bot. 335; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 155; --Kopsia pilosa A.DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 352; --Type: Cuming 1783 (G-DC, lecto; BM, CGE, E, FR, K, L, NY, P, W, Z, isolecto), Philippines. --Carruthersia macgregorii Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 261; EPFP 3 (1923) Bot. 335; --Type: McGregor 285 (K, lecto; K, NY, US, isolecto), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Baco River. --Carruthersia hirsuta Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 587; --Type: Elmer 8899 (E, lecto; BM, BO, MO, NY, US, W, Z, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio. --Carruthersia kindleyi Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1452; --Type: Elmer 7833 (K, lecto; A, BO, BP, E, L, MO, NSW, NY, US, W, Z, isolecto), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban. Solomon Isls, Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales, PALAWAN, CEBU. Primary and secondary forests, at low and medium elevation, ascending to 1500m. Photos

Insufficiently known species:

1. Carruthersia axilliflora Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 51; EPFP 4 (1925) 254; --Type: Loher 12351, Luzon: Rizal, Montalban, Oct-1909. LUZON: Rizal. Now only known from description; holotype probably destroyed at PNH in 1945; no isotype seen by Middleton. 

Cascabela Raf. [Not native]

1. Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold, Feddes Repert. 91 (1980) 52; --Cerbera thevetia L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 209. --Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K.Schum., Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(2) (1895) 159; --Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 130; EPFP 3 (1923) 331. --Thevetia neriifolia Juss. ex A.DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 343; --Thevetia neriifolia Juss. ex Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 2, 2 (1841) 680, nom. inval.; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 370. Native to C and S America. Cultivated and naturalized in the Philippines (Fuentes & Fernando PPI 37208, L). Photos

Catharanthus G.Don [Not native]

1. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don, Gen. Hist. 4 (1836) 95; --Lochnera rosea (L.) Rchb., Conspect. (1828) 134; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 370; EPFP 3 (1923) 323; --Vinca rosea L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2 (1759) 944. Native of Madagascar. Not native to the Philippines. Pantropic in cultivation and naturalized in the Philippines. Photos
   • var. roseus. Thoroughly established in many parts of the Philippines, often very abundant along sandy seashores. 

Centrostemma Decne. = Hoya

Cerbera L.

1. Cerbera manghas L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 208; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 330; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 160. Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific, Peninsular Malaysia, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. Throughout the Philippines. Common along the seashore. Photos
2. Cerbera odollam Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. (1791) 193; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 369; EPFP 3 (1923) 330; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 163. Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Java, Myanmar, New Caledonia, Nicobar Isls, Pacific, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. Mostly riverine at low elevation. Photos

Possibly present:

1. Cerbera floribunda K.Schum., Fl. Kais. Wilh. Land (1889) 111. Australia, Bismarck Arch, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, ?Philippines. ?LUZON: ?Cagayan. Note by P.B. Pelser (13-Aug-20): Not reported for the Philippines by Middleton (2007), but PPI 18775 Barbon, Garcia & Romero (L) is annotated as Cerbera floribunda.

Ceropegia L.

1. Ceropegia cumingiana Decne., Prodr. 8 (1844) 643; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 343; --Bruyns & Forster, Austrobaileya 3 (1989) 7; --Type: Cuming 447 (G, holo, BM, K, L, P, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Calauang. --Ceropegia merrillii Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 565; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 344; --Type: Merrill 4863 (K, holo; US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Bued River, Oct/Nov-1905. Australia, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Sulawesi, Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Lanao del Norte, MINDORO. Low and medium elevation secondary growths. Photos
2. Ceropegia merrilliana Bruyns, South African Journal of Botany 112 (2017) 430; --Brachystelma merrillii Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 566; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 343; --Type: Merrill 680 (US, iso), Culion. Dry open valley, Feb-1903. Endemic to the Philippines. CULION, LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya, SEMIRARA. Dry open grasslands at low elevation. Very rare or local.

Chilocarpus Blume

1. Chilocarpus denudatus Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 1025; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 169; --Type: from Java. --Chilocarpus leytensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1453; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 321; --Type: Elmer 7359 (A, lecto; BO, E, G, K, NY, isolecto), Leyte: Leyte, Palo. Borneo, Cambodia, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Peninsular Malaysia, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE, LEYTE. Low elevation primary forests. Photos

Chonemorpha G.Don

1. Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Perad. 11 (1929) 203; --Sleesen, Nova Guinea, new ser. 9 (1958) 344; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 179; --Echites fragrans Moon, Cat. Pl. Ceylon (1824) 20; --Chonemorpha rheedei Ridl., Agric. Bull. Straits Fed. Malay States 10 (1911) 146; --Type: Rheede, Hort. Malab. 9 (1689) t. 5, 6, nom. superfl. --Chonemorpha elliptica Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 121; --Tabernaemontana elliptica Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 115, as ‘eliptica’, nom. illeg., auct. non Thunb.; --Chonemorpha blancoi Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 312; EPFP 3 (1923) 335; --Type: BS 1065 Ramos (GH, lecto; BO, K, NSW, NY, PNH, SING, US, isolecto), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso. Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, Nepal, Peninsular Malaysia, Laos, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam, Philippines. LUZON: Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, PALAWAN. Low elevation forests. Photos
2. Chonemorpha verrucosa (Blume) D.J.Middleton, Novon 3 (1993) 455; Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 181; --Rhynchodia verrucosa (Blume) Woodson, Sunyatsenia 3 (1836) 102; --Tabernaemontana verrucosa Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 1029; --Type: from Java. --Rhynchodia rhynchosperma (Wall.) K.Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 42 (1895) 173; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 333; --Echites rhynchospermus Wall., Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1 (1830) 43; --Type: from Myanmar. --Chonemorpha elastica Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 81; --Type: FB 12351 Hutchinson (US, lecto), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur, Dumanguilas Bay. Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. LUZON: Apayao, Benguet, Cagayan, Cavite, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao, Zamboanga. Low and medium elevation forests, ascending to 1500m in Benguet. 

Clemensia Schltr. non Merr. = Clemensiella = Hoya

Clemensiella = Hoya

Conchophyllum Blume = Dischidia

Cosmostigma Wight

1. Cosmostigma philippinense Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 542; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 356; --Type: BS 1072 Ramos (US, iso), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso, Jul-1906. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal. Thickets or forests at medium elevation.

Cynanchum L.

1. Cynanchum loheri Schltr. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 120; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 341; --Liede, Blumea 44 (1999) 483; --Type: Loher 4053 = Vidal 3311 (K, lecto; US, isolecto), “Luzon Central”. Borneo, Philippines. BASILAN, CULION, LUZON: Bulacan, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO. Low and medium elevation thickets, ascending to 1200m. 
2. Cynanchum malampayae (Kloppenb., Cajano & Hadsall) Sodusta, Phytotaxa 394 (2019) 230; --Sarcostemma malampayae Kloppenb., Cajano & Hadsall, Hoya New 5 (2015) 34; --Type: M.A. Cajano 6975 (CAHUP, holo), Mindoro Occidental. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO.
   
3. Cynanchum ovalifolium Wight, Contr. (1834) 57; --Liede, Blumea 44 (1999) 485; --Type: from Penang, Malaysia. --Cynanchum luzonicum Schltr. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 538; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 341; --Type: Merrill 7702 (US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, May-1911. Australia, Borneo, Java, Moluccas, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines. LUZON: Aurora (photos), Benguet, Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Pangasinan (photos), Zambales, PANAY. Low and medium elevation thickets. Photos
4. Cynanchum physocarpum Schltr. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 121; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 341; --Liede, Blumea 44 (1999) 487; --Type: Warburg 13766 (B, lost?). --Cynanchum schlechterianum Warb. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 121; --Type: Warburg 13003 (B, lost?), Luzon: Quezon, Sampaloc. --Cynanchum denigratum Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3549, nom. inval., no Latin description; --Voucher: Elmer 15636 (L, holo; BM, FI, G, NA, NY, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, lowlands near Irosin, Mt Bulusan, Apr-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. BATAN, CALAMIANES (BICAWAYAN), CATANDUANES, LUZON: Albay, Ilocos Norte (photos), Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon. Thickets and degraded forests at low elevation including near seashore. Fl. September-July. Photos
5. Cynanchum suluense Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 539; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 342; --Type: Merriill 5401. Endemic to the Philippines. SULU.
   
6. Cynanchum viminale (L.) L., Mant. Pl. 2 (1771) 392; --Bassi, Bononiensi Sci. Inst. Acad. Comment. 6 (Opusc.) (1768) 17; --Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. -- Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 464; --Euphorbia viminalis L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 452. Photos
   
   • ssp. brunonianum (Wight & Arn.) Meve & Liede, Kew Bull. 67 (2012) 754; --Sarcostemma viminale ssp. brunonianum (Wight & Arn.) P.I.Forst., Austral. Syst. Bot. 5(1) (1992) 63;--Sarcostemma brunonianum Wight & Arn. in Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind. (1834) 59; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 342. Australia, India, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Quezon, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos). Thickets, 0-1200m.

1. Cynanchum liukiuense Warb., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 3 (1907) 305; --Hatusima, Mem. Fac. Agr. Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 45; --Type: from Ryukyu Isls. Ryukyu Isls, ?Philippines. ?BATAN (Hatusima 1966).

Dischidia R.Br.

1. Dischidia acutifolia Maingay ex Hook.f, Fl. Brit. India 4 (1883) 51; --Rintz, Blumea 26 (1980) 101. --Dischidia brachystele Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 555; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 347. Photos
   
   • ssp. acutifolia. Borneo, Java, Laos, Moluccas, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Rizal. Forests at medium elevation. 
2. Dischidia boholensis (Schltr.) Livshultz, Taxon 52 (2003) 597; --Dolichostegia boholensis Schltr., Fedde, Repert. 13 (1915) 554; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 356; --Type: BS 1693 McGregor (B, holo, lost; US, iso), Bohol: Guindulman? (Livshultz 2003), Jul-1906. Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL. Cliff near the sea.
3. Dischidia carinata (Schltr.) Arshed, Agoo & Rodda, Webbia (2019) 298; --Dischidiopsis carinata Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 558; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 349; --Type: Bolster 227 (?B, ?lost), Mindanao: near Suringas, Jan-1906. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Surigao. Low elevation thickets or forests.
   
4. Dischidia cleistantha Livshultz, Novon 13 (2003) 89; --Type: Merrill 11639 (K, holo; P, US, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga. Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, BURDEOS, CATANDUANES, JOLO, LUZON: Benguet, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, POLILLO. Photos
5. Dischidia clemensiae Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 556; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 347; --Type: Clemens 362. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. Thickets or forests, c. 600m. 
6. Dischidia elmeri Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 556; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 347; --Type: Elmer 10759 (BISH, NY, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, hanging epiphyte in dense forest, 3750ft, May-1909. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao. Thickets or forests, c. 1130m. Photos
7. Dischidia gibbifera Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 555; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 348; --Type: BS 12011 Ramos (B, iso), Luzon: Laguna, San Antonio, Aug-1910. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna. Forests at low and medium elevation. 
8. Dischidia hirsuta (Blume) Decne. in DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 632; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 348; --Soejarto et al. (1995) Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan; --Leptostemma hirsutum Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 1058; --Type: from Java. Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, Java, Laos, Myanmar, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Low to medium elevation forests, sometimes in mangroves. Photos
9. Dischidia incrassata (Schltr.) Arshed, Agoo & Rodda, Webbia (2019) 298; --Dischidiopsis incrassata Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 559; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 350; --Type: Robinson 9987 (US, lecto), Basilan: Jun-1910. Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, LUZON: Sorsogon. Thickets along streams at low elevation.
   
10. Dischidia lancifolia Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 330; EPFP 3 (1923) 348; --Type: BS 30374 Ramos, Catanduanes: back of Calolbong, on tree trunks in damp forests, low elevation, 10-Dec-1917. Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Epiphytic in damp forests at low elevation, up to 530m. Photos
11. Dischidia luzonica (Schltr.) Arshed, Agoo & Rodda, Webbia (2019) 298; --Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3973; --Dischidiopsis luzonica Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 560; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 350; --Dischidiopsis imberbis Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 559; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 350; --Dischidiopsis ramosii Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 561; --Type: Robinson 9860 (lost), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Banahaw, Mar-1910; MacGregor 10728 (B, neo), Luzon: Cagayan, Claveria, Aug-1909. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Pangasinan. Epiphytic in low and medium elevation forests, sometimes on coconut trunks. Photos
12. Dischidia major (Vahl) Merr., Interp. Rumph. Herb. Amb. (1917) 437; --Rintz, Blumea 26 (1980) 92; --Collyris major Vahl, Skr. Naturhist.-Selsk. 6 (1810) 110. Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Peninsular Malaysia, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: Aurora (photos). Locally common on trees along the coast and up to 1000m on coastal mountains, forming large clusters on the branches. The pitcher leaves are commonly inhabited by ants. Photos 
13. Dischidia mariae (Schltr.) Arshed, Agoo & Rodda, Webbia (2019) 299; --Dischidiopsis mariae Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 560; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 350; --Type: Strong-Clemens s.n., Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Camp Keithley, Mar-1906. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Lanao. Thickets or forests, c. 600m.
    
14. Dischidia merrillii Schltr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 299; EPFP 3 (1923) 348; --Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3560; --Type: Merrill 3904 (NY, iso), Luzon: Pampanga, Mt Arayat, near summit of slightly developed mossy forest, Oct-1904. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Benguet, Camarines, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Misamis, MINDORO, NEGROS. Chiefly in the mossy forest, 800-1800m. Photos
15. Dischidia myrtillus Schltr., PJS 1 Suppl. 4 (1906) 299. Endemic to the Philippines. Also considered a synonym of Dischidia ruscifolia Decne. ex Becc. Photos
16. Dischidia nummularia R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Hol. (1810) 461; --Rintz, Blumea 26 (1980) 98. --Dischidia copelandii Schltr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 298; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 347; --Type: Copeland 512 (B, US), Mindanao: Davao, pendant in large bunches, Mar-1904. --Dischidia pubicaulis Schltr., not published, based on Elmer 10481 (B), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, May-1909. Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS. In thickets and forests at low elevation. Photos
17. Dischidia oblongata Arshed, Agoo & Rodda, Webbia (2019) 299; --Dischidiopsis copelandii (Schltr.) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 559, in nota; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 350; --Conchophyllum copelandii Schltr., PJS 1 Suppl. 4 (1906) 298; --Type: Copeland 340 (P, lecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mar-1904. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao. Low elevation thickets or forests.
    
18. Dischidia oiantha Schltr. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 127; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 348; --Rodda & Middleton, Gard. Bull. Sing. 71 (2019) 73; --Type: Warburg 12252 (B, holo, lost), Luzon: Cagayan, Enrile; Merrill 7200 (B, neo; K, isoneo), Busuanga, Sep-1910. --Dischidia irosinensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3556, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; --Type: Elmer 17226 (syn) and 15797 (syn), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan, Irosin, in woods, 1250ft. Apr-1916. --Dischidia tonsa Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 558; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 349; --Rodda & Middleton, Gard. Bull. Sing. 71 (2019) 75; --Type: Merrill 7200 (B, US, iso), Busuanga, Sep-1910. --Dischidia palawanensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3561; --Type: Elmer 13101 (MO, NY, iso), Palawan: Mt Pulgar (Thumb Peak), Apr-1911. --Dischidia palawanensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3561, nom. inval., no Latin descr; --Type: Elmer 13101 (MO, NY, iso), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar (Thumb Peak), in thickets and woodlands, c. 250 ft, Apr-1911. Endemic to the Philippines. BUSUANGA, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CULION, LUZON: Apayao, Ifugao, Benguet, Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Laguna, Batangas, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Thickets and forests at low and medium elevation, often along the seashore. Photos
19. Dischidia parasita (Blanco) Arshed, Agoo & Rodda, Gard. Bull. Singapore 71 (2019) 430; --Dischidiopsis parasita (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 317; EPFP 3 (1923) 350, as 'parasitica'; --Marsdenia parasita Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 120; Fl. Filip. 2 (1845) 86; Fl. Filip. 3, 1 (1877) 156; --Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 693 (US, neo; A, NY, isoneo), Luzon: Rizal, Pasay, epiphytic on Mangifera indica L., Dec-1914. --Conchophyllum merrillii Schltr. ex Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 380; --Type: Merrill 7441 (L, lecto), Luzon: Manila and vicinity, Jan/Feb-1911. --Dischidiopsis philippinensis Schltr. in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 128; --Type: Merrill 972 (NY, lecto; K, isolecto), Lubang: Apr-1903. --Dischidia bulacanensis Kloppenb. & G.Mend. & Ferreras, Hoya New 2 (2014) 20; --Type: Mendoza GM 31 (PUH 14618, holo), Luzon: Bulacan, Angat, 26-May-2012. Endemic to the Philippines. LUBANG, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Laguna, Rizal. Epiphytic (not parasitic) in lowland thickets and forests. Photos
    
20. Dischidia platyphylla Schltr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 300; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 348; --Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3563; --Type: Copeland 338 (B, holo?; NY, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mar-1904. Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: Davao, Surigao, Zamboanga, POLILLO, SULU. On trees at low elevation, often along the seashore. 
21. Dischidia polilloensis Kloppenb., Fraterna 10 (1997) 5; --Type: R. Fox 9043 (PNH, holo), Polillo: 1948. Endemic to the Philippines. POLILLO.
    
22. Dischidia punctata (Blume) Decne. in DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 632; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 348; --Rintz, Blumea 26 (1980) 93; --Leptostemma punctatum Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 1058. --Dischidia joloensis Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 557; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 348; --Type: Merrill 5327 (B, iso?), Jolo: Mt Dajo, 11-Oct-1906. Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Thailand, Philippines. JOLO. In thickets, c. 550m. 
23. Dischidia purpurea Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 39; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 348; --Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3563; --Soejarto et al. (1995) Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan. Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines, Laguna, Pangasinan, Quezon, MINDANAO: Davao, Surigao, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Epiphytic in medium elevation forests, ascending to 1200m. Photos
24. Dischidia quinquangularis Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 557; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 349; --Type: Copeland 555 (B), Mindanao: Davao, Mar-1904. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao. Thickets or forests. 
25. Dischidia rosea Schltr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 300; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 349; --Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3563; --Type: Elmer 5838, Luzon: Benguet, Baguio. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao. Forested ravines, at and above 1300m.
26. Dischidia rostrata (Schltr) Arshed, Agoo & Rodda, Webbia (2019) 299; --Conchophyllum elmeri Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 561; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 351; --Type: Elmer 10670 (US, lecto; A, BO, MO, NY, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya. Open moist woods, 3000ft, May-1909. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao. Thickets or forests, c. 900m.
27. Dischidia ruscifolia Decne ex Becc., Malesia 2 (1886) 272; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 349; --Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3564. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, SIBUYAN. Mossy forests and on cliffs in damp primary forests, 300-1600m. Photos
28. Dischidia saccata Warb. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 127; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 349; --Type: Warburg 14384 (B). Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao, Zamboanga. Epiphytic in mangroves. 
29. Dischidia vidalii Becc., Malesia 2 (1886) 272, in nota; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 349. --Dischidia pectenoides Pearson, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 35 (1902) 377; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 381. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Laguna, Rizal. Epiphytic on dead or dying bamboo (Schizostachyum) at low elevation. Photos

Uncertain names needing validation:

1. Dischidia apoensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3551, nom. inval., no Latin descr; --Type: Elmer 10659 (MO, NY, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya. Steep ravine along Sibulan River, 3000ft, May-1909. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO.
2. Dischidia diphylla Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3553, nom. inval., no Latin descr; --Type: Elmer 15870 (MO, NA, NY, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan, Irosin, in woods, 1250ft. Apr-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon.
3. Dischidia livida Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3558, nom. inval., no Latin descr; --Type: Elmer 16591 (MO, NY, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan, Irosin, in woods, 1000 ft, Apr/Sep-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon.
4. Dischidia sorsogonensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3564, nom. inval., no Latin descr; --Type: Elmer 15809 (NA, NY, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan, Irosin, in damp hemp fields, 1000 ft, Apr-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon.
5. Dischidia striata Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3566, nom. inval., no Latin descr., auct. non Schltr.; --Type: Elmer 10481 (syn), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, in forest, 4000ft, May-1909; --Elmer 16874 (syn), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan, Irosin, in forests, 1000ft, Aug-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon.
6. Dischidia sylvestris Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3568, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; --Type: Elmer 11401(NY, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya. In forest, 6500ft, Aug-1909. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao. Forest, 1800-2000m.

Dischidiopsis Schltr. = Dischidia

Dolichostegia Schltr. = Dischidia

Dorystephania Warb. = Sarcolobus

Dregea E.Mey. = Marsdenia

Eriostemma (Schltr.) Kloppenb. & Gilding = Hoya

Finlaysonia Wall.

1. Finlaysonia obovata Wall., Pl. As. Rar. 2 (1831) 48; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 339. --Tabernaemontana cirrhosa Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 115; --Rodda & Middleton, Gard. Bull. Sing. 71 (2019) 78; --Type: Ramos & Edaño 31503 (K, neo; P, isoneo), Panay: Capiz, May/Jun-1918. India through Peninsular Malaysia to the Moluccas. LEYTE, LUZON: Tayabas, Zambales, PANAY. Thickets along the seashore in swampy places, often in mangrove along tidal streams. 

Genianthus Hook.f.

1. Genianthus ellipticus (Blume) Bakh.f. in C.A.Backer, Bekn. Fl. Java 8a(173) (1949) 26; --Leptadenia elliptica Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 1066; --Type: from Java (lecto). --Genianthus syringifolius (Schltr.) Tsiang, Sunyatsenia 4 (1939) 60. --Secamone syringifolia Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 538; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 343; --P.I.Forst. & Liddle, Austral. Syst. Bot. 7 (1994) 515; --Type: Witford 1399 (B, lost; US, lecto), Mindoro: Bongabong-River, 1906. Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Rizal, MINDORO, POLILLO, SAMAR. Damp primary forests at low elevation.
   
2. Genianthus rectinervis (Schltr.) Tsiang, Sunyatsenia 4 (1939) 61; --Klackenberg, Blumea 51 (2006) 589; --Secamone rectinervis Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 537; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 343; --Type: Clemens 988 (M), Mindanao. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Laguna, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Lanao. Primary forests at low and medium elevation.
   

Gomphocarpus R.Br. [Not native]

Photos

1. Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) W.T.Aiton, Hortus Kew (1811) 80; --Asclepias fruticosa L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 216. Native of Africa, Arabia. Not native to the Philippines. MINDANAO. Apparently naturalized. Photos 

Gymnanthera R.Br.

1. Gymnanthera oblonga (Burm.f.) P.S.Green, Kew Bull. 47 (1992) 333; --Rodda & Middleton, Gard. Bull. Sing. 71 (2019) 76; --Jasminum oblongum Burm.f., Fl. Indica (1768) 6. --Gymnanthera pedunculata (Miq.) Fern.-Villar, Novis. App. (1880) 132, excl. syn. Llanos; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 340; --Dicerolepis pedunculata Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2 (1857) 466; --Type: from Indonesia. --Gymnanthera nitida R.Br., Prodr (1810) 464; --Forster, Aust. Syst. Bot. 4 (1991) 565; --Type: from Australia. Australia, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao. Thickets behind mangroves.  

Gymnema R.Br.

1. Gymnema calycinum Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 540; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 344; --Type: Vanoverbergh 1214. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Mountain Province. Thickets or secondary growth, c.1650m. 
2. Gymnema cumingii Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 541; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 344; --Type: Cuming 939. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay, Sorsogon. Probably in thickets or secondary growth at low elevation.
3. Gymnema inodorum (Lour.) Decne., Prodr. 8 (1844) 551; --Cynanchum inodorum Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 166. --Marsdenia tingens (Roxb.) P.I.Forst., Austral. Syst. Bot. 8 (1995) 692; --Gymnema tingens Roxb. ex Spreng., Syst. 1 (1825) 844; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 378; EPFP 3 (1923) 344; --Asclepias tingens Roxb., Hort. Beng. (1814) 21, nom. illeg., nom. nud., Pl. Coromandel. 3 (1819) 34. Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Java, Myanmar, Nepal, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet,  Cavite, Laguna, La Union, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, PALAWAN. Low elevation thickets and secondary growth. Photos
4. Gymnema mariae Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 540; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 344; --Type: M.S. Clemens 757. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Lanao. Forest, c. 650m.
5. Gymnema pachyglossum Schltr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 295; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 344; --Marsdenia pachyglossa (Schltr.) P.I.Forst., Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(5) (1995) 694. Endemic to the Philippines. CAGAYAN DE SULU, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Thickets and secondary growth at low elevation, commonly along the seashore. Photos
6. Gymnema piperi Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 539; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 344; --Type: Piper 485. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao. Thickets and secondary growth at low elevation, commonly along the seashore. 
7. Gymnema schlechterianum Warb. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 123; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 344. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, Rizal. Lowland thickets. 
8. Gymnema uncarioides Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 541; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 345; --Type: BS 8218 Ramos. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya. Forests at low and medium elevation. 

Heterostemma Wight & Arn.

1. Heterostemma acuminatum Decne., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 2, 9 (1838) 268; --Type: from Java. Australia, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Vietnam, Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos). Note by P.B. Pelser (16-Jul-20): Possibly only documented in the Philippines by photos taken by M.D. De Leon and identified as this species by U. Meve. Photos
   
2. Heterostemma angustilobum Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 565; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 355; --Rodda, Phytotaxa 263 (2016) 4; --Type: Elmer 10814 (GH, lecto; BM, G, K, L, NY, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, forests along Baruring River, 3000ft, Jun-1909. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao. Thickets or forests, c. 900m. 
3. Heterostemma cuspidatum Decne. in DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 630; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 355; --Rodda, Phytotaxa 263 (2016) 6; --Type: Cuming 1449 (P, lecto; BM, CGE, G, K, OXF, P, isolecto), Luzon: Batangas, 1841. --Stapelia quadrangula Blanco, Flora de Filipinas (1837) 202, nom. illeg., auct. non Forssk.; --Type: Merrill species Blancoanae 807 (K, neo; L, BM, isoneo), Luzon: Batangas, Feb-1915. Endemic to the Philippines. BUSUANGA, LUZON: Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Rizal, PALAWAN. Low elevation secondary forests and thickets. Photos
4. Heterostemma herbertii Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3074; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 355; --Rodda, Phytotaxa 263 (2016) 8; --Type: Elmer 17661 (BO, lecto; A, BM, C, GH, K, L, NY, P, S, U, US, Z, isolecto), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Makiling. --Heterostemma lucbanensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1938), nom. illeg., nom. nud. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna. Primary forests, c. 450m. Photos
5. Heterostemma manillense Schauer in Walpers, Nova acta physico-medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosum 19 (Suppl. 1) (1843) 365; --Rodda, Phytotaxa 263 (2016) 9; --Type: Meyen s.n., Luzon: Hacienda Hal-hali. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON.

Hoya R.Br.

[The number of Hoya species in the Philippines is doubtlessly much lower than suggested by this account. In addition, numerous issues with orthography and typification need to be resolved.]

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 23 June 2021

1. Hoya acanthominima Kloppenb., G.Mend. & Ferreras, Hoya New 1 (2013) 22; --Type: George Mendoza et al. 50 (PUH, holo), Luzon: Meragondon, Real. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Photos
   
2. Hoya agusanensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 8 (2018) 15. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan.
   
3. Hoya alagensis Kloppenb., Fraterna 1(3, Suppl.) (1990) I; Philip. Hoya Sp. ed. 3 (1996) 29; --Type: Merrill 5542 (B), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Alag River, 150m, Nov-1906. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO: Mindoro Oriental. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11).
   
4. Hoya albida Kloppenb., Siar, Cajano & Carandang, Hoya New 1 (2013) 3; --Hoya albida Kloppenb., Siar, Cajano & Carandang, Malaysian Hoya species (2012), nom. inval.; --Type: CAHUP 71808 (holo), Luzon: Quezon, Polillo island, 6-May-2010. Endemic to the Philippines. POLILLO. Photos
5. Hoya alwitriana Kloppenb., Siar, Guevarra & Carandang, Asklepios 114 (2012) 16; --Type: CAHUP 71843 (CAHUP, holo). Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO.
6. Hoya ambrosiae Kloppenb., Hoya New 9(4) (2019) 3; --Type: Hernaez s.n. (CAHUP 5967, holo), cult. at Bot. Gdn. in vicinity UP Landgrant Quezon. Endemic to the Philippines.
   
7. Hoya amorosoae T.Green & Kloppenb., Hoya New 3 (2014) 3; --Type: C. Amoroso s.n. (BISH 761229, holo), Mindanao: Davao Oriental, Mt Hamiguitan. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental.
   
8. Hoya amrita Kloppenb., Siar & Ferreras, Asklepios 110 (2011) 27; --Type: U. Ferreras UF 750 (CAHUP, holo). Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur. Photos
9. Hoya annaleesoligamiae Kloppenb., Hoya New 6 (2017) 9, as 'annaleesoligamae'; --Type: Annalee Soligam s.n. (CAHUP, holo): Juan Pancho’s garden at Libis, 12-Mar-1982. Endemic to the Philippines.
   
10. Hoya anncajanoae Kloppenb. & Siar, Asia Life Sci. 17(1) (2008) 62; --Type: S.V. Siar & M.A.O. Cajano 5923 (CAHUP, holo & iso), Luzon: Laguna, Mun. Siniloan, Brgy. Kapatalan, c. 300m, 29-Nov-2006. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna. Photos
    
11. Hoya antilaoensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 8(3) (2018) 3; --Type: Edaño Field No. 2018 (PNH11859, holo), Leyte: Antilao River, Ormoc, 12-Mar-1950. Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE.
    
12. Hoya apoensis Kloppenb. & Siar., Asklepios 110 (2011) 25; --Type: Cult. 71718 (CAHUP, holo). Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO. Photos
    
    • var. sagittaria Kloppenb., Siar & Ferreras, Hoya New 1 (2013) 3; --Type: U. Ferreras 737 (CAHUP, holo); --Hoya apoensis var. sagittarius Kloppenb., Siar & Ferreras, Fraterna 23(4) (2010) 5, nom. inval. Endemic to the Philippines.
13. Hoya aurantiaca Kloppenb., Siar & Cajano, Asia Life Sci. 18(1) (2009) 140; --Type: S.V. Siar & M.A.O. Cajano 5962 (CAHUP, holo), Luzon: Laguna, Mun. Siniloan, Brgy. Kapatalan, c. 300m, 19-Jul-2007. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna.
    
14. Hoya aurigueana Kloppenb., Siar & Cajano, J. Nat. Stud. 11 (1&2) (2012) 36; --Type: 71848 (CAHUP, holo), Luzon: Quezon. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon Photos
15. Hoya bacunganensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 3 (2014) 20; --Type: Edaño 349 (PNH, holo), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, 28-Mar-1947. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN.
    
16. Hoya baguioensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 6 (2017) 14; --Type: Maximo Wayet s.n. (CAHUP, holo), Luzon: Baguio Village, Querino, 150m, 6-Jan-1990. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: ?Benguet.
    
    • ssp. baguioensis.
    • ssp. hernaezii Kloppenb., Hoya New 8 (2018) 21; --Type: P. F. Hernaez s.n. (CAHUP 5293, holo), 17-Mar-1990.
17. Hoya bandongii Kloppenb. & Ferreras, Fraterna 24(4) (2011) 9; --Type: 14596 (PUH, holo). Endemic to the Philippines. Photos
18. Hoya barbonii Kloppenb., Hoya New 3 (2014) 24; --Type: Barbon, Alverez, Garcia 2175 (PNH, holo), ?Mindanao: Sibulan, St Maria in watershed area, 31-Aug-1991. Endemic to the Philippines. ?MINDANAO.
    
19. Hoya bebsguevarrae Kloppenb. & Carandang, Hoya New 1 (2013) 3; --Type: M.L.D.Guevarra & J.M.Carandang s.n. (CAHUP 71846, holo), Luzon: Quezon, Real, 29-Feb-2012. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon.
    
20. Hoya benguetensis Schltr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 301; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 351; --Kloppenb., Philip. Hoya Sp. ed. 3 (1996) 33; --Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3973; --Type: Elmer 5979 (B), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1904. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ilocos Norte, SAMAR. Thickets or forests, 1200-1600m in Benguet. Photos
21. Hoya benitotanii Kloppenb., Gard. Bull. Singapore 61(2) (2010) 330; --Type: Kloppenburg 2010-6 (UC). Endemic to the Philippines. Photos
22. Hoya benstoneana Kloppenb., Siar, Guevarra & Carandang, J. Nat. Stud. 11 (1&2) (2012) 37; --Type: 71849 (CAHUP, holo). Endemic to the Philippines.
23. Hoya benvergarai Kloppenb. & Siar, Asia Life Sci. 17 (2008) 58, as 'benvergarae'; --Type: S.V. Siar & M.A.O. Cajano 5932 (CAHUP 70357, holo), Luzon: Laguna, Mun. Los Baños, Brgy. Batong Malaki, cultivated at Dr. Ben Vergara's Greenhouse, originally collected from Dolores, Quezon, c. 30m, 21-Feb-2007. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Photos
24. Hoya bicknellii Kloppenb., Fraterna 12(4) (1999) 12; --Type: Bicknell UC 1470 (UC, holo), Cebu: Matutinao (Kawasan) Bidian. Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU.
25. Hoya bicolensis Kloppenb., Siar & Cajano, J. Nat. Stud. 11 (1&2) (2012) 40; --Hoya bicolensis Kloppenb., Siar & Cajano, Malaysian Hoya species (2012), nom. inval.; --Hoya bicolensis Kloppenb. & Siar, Philippine Hoya Species: A Monograph, pp. 86-88., nom. inval.; --Type: JP 1994 (UC). Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bicol region. Photos
26. Hoya bicolor Kloppenb., Fraterna 16(1) (2003) 1; --Type: 67050 (CAHUP, holo), type material from UPLB plant breeding program, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Photos
27. Hoya bifunda Kloppenb., Siar, Cajano, G.Mend., Guevarra & Carandang, Hoya New 1 (2013) 7; --Type: Cajano & Maranan s.n. (CAHUP 71844, holo), Polillo: Burdeos, Aluyon, Gumian, 5-May-2010. Endemic to the Philippines. POLILLO.
    
    • ssp. bifunda. POLILLO.
    • ssp. integra Kloppenb., Siar, Cajano, Guevarra & Carandang, Hoya New 1 (2013) 17; --Type: Cajano & Maranan s.n. (CAHUP 71857, holo), Polillo: Burdeos, Poblacion, Bulaloon, 5-May-2010. POLILLO.
28. Hoya bilobata Schltr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 301; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 351; --Type: Copeland 420 (BS), Mindanao: Davao, Mar-1904. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, MINDANAO: Davao, Zamboanga. On trees at low elevation. Photos 
29. Hoya blashernaezii Kloppenb., Fraterna 12(1) (1999) 9; --Type: Blas Hernaez s.n. (BISH 97093, holo), Catanduanes: cult. in Hawaii. Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Quezon, Sorsogon. Low elevation. Photos
    
    • ssp. aurantiaca Kloppenb. & G.Mend., Hoya New 7(2) (2017) 3; --Type: J.M.M. Agcaoili s.n. (PNH, holo), cult, from G. Mendoza et al. GM-218, Luzon, Quezon, Mt Lagyo, 400m. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon.
      
    • ssp. blashernaezii.
    • ssp. siariae (Kloppenb.) Kloppenb., Hoya New 2(1) (2014) 50; --Hoya siariae Kloppenb., Fraterna 15(3) (2002) 1; --Type: 200012 (CAHUP, holo).
    • ssp. truncata Kloppenb. & G.Mend., Hoya New 7(2) (2017) 9; --Type: J.M.M. Agcaoili s.n. (PNH, holo), cult, from G. Mendoza et al. GM-132, Luzon, Quezon, Mt Taywanis, 450m. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon.
      
    • ssp. valmayoriana (Kloppenb., Guevarra & Carandang) Kloppenb., Guevarra & Carandang, Hoya New 2(2) (2014) 10; --Hoya valmayoriana Kloppenb., Guevarra & Carandang, J. Nat. Stud. 11 (1&2) (2012) 43; --Type: 71809 (CAHUP, holo), Luzon: Sorsogon, ¾ km north of Lake Bulusan. Originally collected by David M. Cummings with his collection number DMC 1622. This is the clone IML 831 of the late David Liddle. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon.
30. Hoya bordenii Schltr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 302; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 351; --Type: Borden 1213 (B), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, 650m, Jun-1904. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cavite, Pangasinan, Quezon, Sorsogon. On trees in low and medium elevation forests. 
31. Hoya brittonii Kloppenb., Fraterna 5(4) (1992) t. 1; --Type: PNH 19519 (= B.B. Britton 256), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Calapan, Badoc, May-1953. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO.
32. Hoya buotii Kloppenb., Fraterna 15(4) (2002) 1; --Type: CAHUP 67049 (holo). Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Photos
33. Hoya burtoniae Kloppenb., Hoyan 12(2:2) (1990) i; --Type: Loher s.n. (UC), Luzon: Rizal, Montalban, Sep-1909. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Photos
34. Hoya butleriana Kloppenb., Siar, Guevarra & Carandang, Asklepios 115 (2013) 15; --Type: CAHUP 71851 (holo). Endemic to the Philippines. Photos
35. Hoya cagayanensis Schltr. ex C.M.Burton, Hoyan 8(4.2) (1987) b; --Type: BS 7374 Ramos (B), Luzon: Cagayan, Mar-1909. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Cagayan, Laguna, Quezon, PALAWAN. Photos
36. Hoya calyxminuta Kloppenb., Hoya New 6 (2017) 3; --Type: (CAHUP 5970, holo). Endemic to the Philippines.
    
37. Hoya camphorifolia Warb. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip., 1 (1904) 129; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 351; --Kleijn & Van Donkelaar, Blumea 46 (2001) 467; --Type: Warburg s.n. (B, lost), Luzon: Quezon, Sampaloc. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDORO. From sea level to 1200m in riverine forests, secondary and primary forests. Photos
38. Hoya capotoanensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 4 (2015) 39; --Type: Edaño ?s.n. (PNH 15642), Samar: Mt Capotoan, 10-Jan-1952. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, SAMAR.
    
    • ssp. capotoanensis. SAMAR.
      
    • ssp. quezonensis Kloppenb. & G.Mend., Hoya New 7 (2017) 21; --Type: J.M.M. Agcaoili s.n. (PNH 255873, holo), cult. from G. Mendoza et al. GM-207, Luzon: Quezon, Mt. Tingkoyan. LUZON: Quezon.
39. Hoya carandangiana Kloppenb. & Siar, Hoya New 4 (2015) 8; --Type: (CAHUP 71845, holo), Philippines. Endemic to the Philippines. POLILLO. Photos
    
40. Hoya cardiophylla Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 310; EPFP 3 (1923) 351; --Type: BS 35160 Ramos & Pascasio, Dinagat: on tree trunks at low elevation. 13-May-1919. Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Surigao del Norte. On trees at low elevation in Leyte, Dinagat, and Surigao del Norte.
41. Hoya carmelae Kloppenb., Siar & Ferreras, Fraterna 23(4) (2010) 9; --Type: U. Ferreras 782 (PUH 14598, holo), Luzon: Isabela, Mun. Maconacon, Brgy. Reina Mercedes, Mt. Pinalinaw, 1100m. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Isabela. Photos
    
42. Hoya carnosa (L.) R.Br., On the Asclepiadeae (1810) 16; --Asclepias carnosa L.f., Suppl. Pl. (1782) 170; --Aurigue, Coll. Philip. Hoyas (20130 38; --Obeña & Buot, Biodiversitas 20 (2019) 1702; --Type: from China. China, Japan, Laos, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Bicol, Quezon, MINDANAO, PALAWAN. Photos
    
43. Hoya celata Kloppenb., Siar, G.Mend., Cajano, Guevarra & Carandang, Asklepios 116 (2013) 42; --Malaysian Hoya species (2012), nom. inval.; --Type: G. Mendoza 1-010 (CAHUP 71810, holo), cult. Luzon: Quezon, Mauban, 27-Jan-2010. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Photos
44. Hoya celsa Kloppenb., Siar, Guevarra, Cajano & Carandang, Hoya New 1 (2013) 10; --Type: (CAHUP 71840, holo). Endemic to the Philippines.
    
45. Hoya cembra Kloppenb., Fraterna 1(3, Suppl.) (1990) II; --Type: Merrill 5650 (B), type sheet of Hoya eucantha Schltr., ined., Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Alag River, 300m, Nov-1906. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO. Photos
46. Hoya chiekoae Kloppenb., Ferreras & G.Mend., Hoya New 1 (2013) 17; --Hoya chiekoae Kloppenb., Ferreras & G.Mend., Malaysian Hoya species (2012), nom. inval.; --Type: U. Ferreras 901 (PHU 14628; holo), cult. Luzon: Aurora. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora.
    
47. Hoya ciliata Elmer ex C.M.Burton, Hoyan 9(4:2) (1988) i; --Eriostemma ciliata (Elmer ex C.M.Burton) Kloppenb. & Gilding, Fraterna 14(2) (2001). Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO. Photos
48. Hoya columna Kloppenb., Hoya New 4 (2015) 17; --Type: (CAHUP 41193, holo). Endemic to the Philippines.
    
49. Hoya concava Kloppenb., Siar, Guevarra & Carandang, Hoya New 3 (2014) 9; --Type: (CAHUP 5991, holo). Endemic to the Philippines.
    
50. Hoya corazoniae Kloppenb., Siar & Ferreras. Fraterna 23(4) (2010) 15; --Type: U. Ferreras 800 (PUH 14601, holo). Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur.
51. Hoya coriacea Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 1063; ---Kloppenb., Philip. Hoya Sp. ed. 3 (1996) 55; --Centrostemma coriaceum (Blume) Meisn., Pl. Vasc. Gen. 2 (1840) 177. Java, Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao, PALAWAN. Photos
    
    • ssp. coriacea. --Hoya angustisepala C.M.Burton, Hoyan 8 (1987) b; --Kloppenb., Philip. Hoya Sp. ed. 3 (1996) 31; --Type: Elmer 10829 (B, holo, lost?), Mindanao: Mt Apo (Todaya), along Sibulan River, 3000ft. --Hoya mindanaensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3584, nom. inval., no Latin descr. MINDANAO: Davao. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11, as Hoya angustisepala).
    • ssp. philippinensis Kloppenb., Siar & Ferreras, Hoya New 1(4) (2013) 44; --Type: U. Ferreras 755 (CAHUP, holo), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Kiblawan, Brgy Kimlawis, Sito Bong Mal, 798m. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur.
      
52. Hoya crassicaulis Elmer ex Kloppenb., Fraterna 8(3) (1995) 10; Philip. Hoya Sp. ed. 3 (1996) 57; --Type: Elmer 14440 (syn), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, 250ft, Oct-1915; Merrill 4082 (US, syn) and 11591 (syn), Weber 1003 (syn), Bolster 393 (syn), Elmer 14440 (syn), 16718, (syn). Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon, PANAY. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Photos
    • ssp. capazensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 5(3) (2016) 10; --Type: BS 46166 Edaño (UC), Panay: Capiz. Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY. Note by P.B. Pelser (20-Jun-21): Kloppenburg presumably meant to use the epithet 'capizensis'.
      
    • ssp. crassicaulis. LUZON: Sorsogon.
53. Hoya cumingiana Decne. in DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 636; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 351; --Type: Cuming 1480. Java, Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Camarines, Mountain Province, Quezon, Rizal, MINDORO, PABELLONES off N PALAWAN, TICAO. Chiefly on limestone cliffs and boulders in open places, 0-1600m. Photos
    
    • ssp. catanauanensis Kloppenb. & G.Mend., Hoya New 7(2) (2017) 15; --Type: J.M.M. Agcaoili s.n. (PNH, holo), cult. from G. Mendoza et al. GM-226, Luzon: Quezon, Catanauan, 350m. LUZON: Quezon.
      
    • ssp. cumingiana.
      
54. Hoya cupula Kloppenb., G.Mend. & Ferreras, Hoya New 1 (2013) 15; --Type: G. Mendoza et al. 56 (PUH 14646, holo), Luzon: Quezon, General Nakar. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon.
    
55. Hoya curtisii King & Gamble, Fl. Mal. Pen. 2 (1903) 564. Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines. PALAWAN. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Photos
56. Hoya cutis-porcelana W.Suarez, J.R.Sahagun & Aurigue, J. Nat. Stud. 12(1) (2013) 14; --Type: 254882 (PNH, holo), cult. BILIRAN, SAMAR. 7m. Photos
57. Hoya davaoensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 1 (2013) 9; --Type: Ramos & Edaño (UC 49272, holo; B, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mati, Mar/Apr-1927. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental.
    
58. Hoya davidcummingii Kloppenb., Fraterna 8(2) (1995) 10; --Type: D. Cumming 9 (BISH, holo; UC), Luzon: Sorsogon, Lake Bulusan, c. 500ft. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon. Photos
59. Hoya deleoniorum Cabactulan, Pimentel, J.R.Sahagun & Aurigue, Avonia 36 (2018) 149; --Type: M.D. De Leon MDL 101/2016 (CMUH 00010866 (incorrectly as CMU in protologue), holo), Siargao: from cultivated plant, 11-Mar-2017. Endemic to the Philippines. SIARGAO. Photos
    
60. Hoya densifolia Turcz., Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 21, 1 (1848) 261. --Type: from Java. Java, Philippines. Photos
    
    • ssp. densifolia.
    • ssp. panchoi Kloppenb., Hoya New 8(2) (2018) 18; --Type: CAHUP18680, holo. Philippines.
61. Hoya diversifolia Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 16 (1826/1827) 1064. --Hoya panchoi Kloppenb., Hoyan 10(1:2) (1988) 1; --P.I.Forst. & Liddle, Austral. Syst. Bot. 7 (1994) 512. --Hoya bulusanensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3577, nom. inval., no Latin descr; --Type: Elmer 15937 (BO, isolecto), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin (Mt Bulusan), steep forested ravine at 1500ft. elevation, May-1916. Andaman Isls, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon. Forests, c. 450-550m. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11, as Hoya panchoi). Photos
    
    • ssp. diversifolia.
    • ssp. el-nidicus (Kloppenb.) Kloppenb., Fraterna 14(1) (2001) 13; --Hoya el-nidicus Kloppenb., Fraterna 1991(4, Suppl.) (1991) I; --Type: J.V. Pancho s.n. (CAHUP, holo), Palawan: El Nido, Aug-1988. PALAWAN. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11).
62. Hoya eburnea Kloppenb., Guevarra & Carandang, Hoya New 1 (2013) 26; --Type: M.L.D. Guevarra & J.M. Carandang s.n. (CAHUP 71849, holo), Luzon: Nueva Ecija, Karanglan, Brgy Kapintalan, 5-Mar-2012. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Ecija.
    
63. Hoya edanoi C.M.Burton, Hoyan 12(2:2) (1990) i; --Type: BS 11655 Edaño (A), Negros: Negros Oriental, Lake Balinsasayao. Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS. Photos
64. Hoya edwinofernandoi Kloppenb., Cajano & Hadsall, Hoya New 5 (2015) 22; --Type: Mary Ann Cajano 7099 (CAHUP 72239, holo), Luzon: 27-Oct-2013. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON.
    
65. Hoya elmeri Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 258; --Type: from Malaysia. --Hoya mindorensis Schltr. ssp. superba Kloppenb., Fraterna 18(3) (2005) 1; --Type: A. Wayman s.n. (UC, holo), Luzon, cult. in USA. Borneo, Philippines. LUZON. Conservation status: Data Deficient (Rodda et al. 2014).
66. Hoya espaldoniana Kloppenb., Siar & Cajano, Hoya New 2 (2014) 3; --Type: S.V. Siar & M.A.O. Cajano 6421 (CAHUP 71861, holo), Mindoro: Oriental Mindoro, Puerto Galera. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO.
    
67. Hoya estrellaensis T.Green & Kloppenb., Asklepios 114 (2012) 20; --Type: ex hort. TG 93121 (BISH 752594, holo), Palawan: Narra, Estrella Waterfall. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11).
68. Hoya eumbeitii Kloppenb., Hoya New 8 (2018) 47; --Type: Friedrich Eumbeit s.n. (PNH 37418, holo), Luzon: Manila, Taft Ave., Corner of Penn, Manila, 27-Mar-1957. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON.
    
69. Hoya ferrerasii Kloppenb. & Siar, Fraterna 23(4) (2010) 21; --Type: U. Ferreras 741 (CAHUP 71723, holo), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mun. Kiblawan, Brgy. Kimlawis. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur.
70. Hoya fischeriana Warb., Perkins Frag. Fl. Philip. 1 (1904) 129; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 352; --Type: Warburg 11955, Luzon: Isabela, Malunu. Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, DINAGAT, LUZON: Aurora, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, MINDANAO: Davao, Surigao, MINDORO. On trees at low elevation. Photos
71. Hoya fitchii Kloppenb., Fraterna 22(4) (2009) 16; --Type: 20096 (UC), cult. in Hawaii. Endemic to the Philippines. Photos
72. Hoya foxii Kloppenb., Hoya New 2 (2014) 46; --Type: Robert B. Fox 43 (PNH 5023, holo), Luzon: Aurora, Baler, Dibutunan, 2k in from coast, 100m, Mar-1948. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora.
    
73. Hoya frakeii Kloppenb., Hoya New 9 (2019) 3; --Type: Charles O. Frake 38435 (PNH, holo), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Norte, 17-Mar-1958. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte.
    
74. Hoya galenii Kloppenb., Hoya New 9 (2019) 7; --Type: Galen & Sagcal 10085 (PNH, holo), Tawi-tawi, 23-May-1994. Endemic to the Philippines. TAWI-TAWI.
    
75. Hoya galeraensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 4 (2015) 43; --Type: Juan Pancho (CAHUP 3312, holo), Palawan: Puerto Galera, 1954. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN.
    
76. Hoya garciae Kloppenb., Hoya New 8 (2018) 35; --Type: Barbon, Garcia & Sagcal s.n. (PNH 5733, holo), Samar: Basey, Brgy Inuntan. Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR.
    
77. Hoya gelba Kloppenb., Siar, Guevarra & Carandang, Hoya New 1 (2013) 33; --Type: (CAHUP 71858, holo). Endemic to the Philippines.
    
78. Hoya gigantanganensis Kloppenb., Fraterna 5(4) (1992) t. II; --Type: PNH 36787 Kondo & Edaño, Leyte: Gigantangan, Mar-1957. Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11).
79. Hoya golamcoana Kloppenb., Fraterna 1991(3, Suppl.) (1991) II; Philip. Hoya Sp. Suppl. (1991) II, as 'golamcoiana'. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Photos
80. Hoya gracilis Schltr. in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 40(3, Beibl. 92) (1908) 14; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 352. Sulawesi, Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PANAY. Primary forests on ridges extending into the mossy forest, c. 1000m. 
81. Hoya greenii Kloppenb., Fraterna 8(2) (1995) 12; --Type: T. Green 7 (BISH), Mindanao: Mt Apo, trail to hot springs lake, 4000ft., Oct-1993. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Photos
82. Hoya gretheri Kloppenb., Hoya New 6(2) (2017) 20, as 'gretherii'; --Type: D.F. Grether & W.H. Wagner s.n. (UC), ?Negros, ?Pitulu lagoon. Endemic to the Philippines. ?NEGROS.
    
83. Hoya gutierrezii Kloppenb., Hoya New 9(2) (2019) 12; --Type: Gutierrez et al. F. No. 645 (PNH, holo), Samar: Mt Sohoton, Bassey. Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR.
    
    • ssp. gutierrezii. Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR.
    • ssp. concordae Kloppenb., Hoya New 9(2) (2019) 15; --Type: Anonymous Field no. 32 (PNH117016, holo), Samar: Mt Concord, May-1969. Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR.
84. Hoya halconensis Schltr. ex Kloppenb., Fraterna 1(3, Suppl.) (1990) III; --Type: Merrill 5674 (B), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Mt Halcon, 900m., Nov-1906. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Photos
85. Hoya hernaezii Kloppenb., Hoya New 6 (2016) 17; --Type: Blas F. Hernaez s.n. (CAHUP, holo). Endemic to the Philippines.
    
86. Hoya heuschkeliana Kloppenb., Hoyan 11(1:2) (1989) i; --Type: Pancho 2175 (CAHUP), Luzon: Sorsogon, Lake Bulusan, c. 50m. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon. Photos
• ssp. cajanoae Kloppenb. & Siar, Fraterna 20(4) (2007) 9; --Type: Blas F. Hernaez & Mary Ann Cajano (CAPHUP 56574, holo).
• ssp. marionii Kloppenb. & Ferreras, Hoya New 2(1) (2014) 26; --Type: G. Mendoza GM-60 (PUH), Catanduanes: 2-Jul-2012. Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES.
  
87. Hoya histora Kloppenb., Hoya New 4 (2015) 3; --Type: (CAHUP 5292, holo). Endemic to the Philippines.
    
88. Hoya ilagiorum Kloppenb., Siar & Cajano, Asia Life Sci. 20(2) (2011) 264, as 'ilagii'; --Types: S.V. Siar and M.A.O. Cajano 6150 (CAHUP 71750, holo; CAHUP 71751, iso), Mt. Mabilog, Nagcarlan, Laguna, 300m, 19-Sep-2009. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Quezon. Photos
89. Hoya imbricata Decne. in DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 637; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 352; --Kleijn & Van Donkelaar, Blumea 46 (2001) 473; --Type: Calléry s.n. (P, syn), Luzon: Calawan. Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines.
    
    • var. imbricata. --Hoya pseudomaxima Koord., PJS 15 (1919) Bot. 331; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 353; --Obeña & Buot, Biodiversitas 20 (2020) 1702; --Type: BS 22089 Ramos (PNH, lost), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso. BUSUANGA, LUZON: Camarines, Laguna, Mountain Province, Rizal, MINDANAO, PALAWAN. On tree trunks at low and medium elevation.
    • var. basisubcordata Koord., PJS 15 (1919) 264; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 352. BILIRAN, LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao, SAMAR. On trees at low elevation.
    • ssp. megapollinia Kloppenb., Hoya New 3(2) (2014) 14; --Type: CAHUP 41559 (CAHUP). Note in IPNI (20-Jun-21): "The Latin supplied does not satisfy the requirement for a description or diagnosis."
      
90. Hoya imperialis Lindl., Edwards' Bot. Reg. 32 (1846) t. 68; --Type: from Borneo. Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Thailand, Philippines. PALAWAN. In mangroves. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Photos
•  forma alba T.Green. Fraterna 18(1) (2005) 6-7. Endemic to the Philippines.
91. Hoya incrassata Warb. in Perkins, Frag, Fl. Philip. (1904) 130; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 352; --Type: Warburg 12998, 12997 cotype, Luzon: Quezon, Sampaloc. --Hoya reticulata Merr., PJS 17 (1921) 311; EPFP 3 (1923) 353, syn. non valid. --Hoya orientalis P.T.Li, Bull. Bot. Res. (1984) 121. Endemic to the Philippines. BUSUANGA, CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Surigao, MINDORO, PANAY, POLILLO. On trees as well as swampy thickets at low elevation. Photos
92. Hoya infantalensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 8 (2018) 28; --Type: U. Ferreras UF 769 (CAHUP 14597), ?Luzon: ?Infanta, Jul-2010. Endemic to the Philippines. ?LUZON: ?Quezon.
    
93. Hoya irisiae Ferreras, Kloppenb. & Tandang, Hoya New 2 (2014) 3; --Type: U. Ferreras s.n. (PNH 254883, holo; CAHUP, PUH, iso), Luzon. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao (photos). Photos
    
94. Hoya isabelaensis Kloppenb., Siar & Ferreras, Fraterna 24(4) (2011) 24; --Type: U. Ferreras 783 (PUH 14599, holo; CAHUP, PNH, iso), Isabela. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Isabela.
95. Hoya josephinae J.Cabrera & H.Mohr, Schlechteriana 3 (2013) 1; --Type: R. Schneider s.n. (MJG, holo), Mindoro, Mindoro Oriental, Mt. Malasimbo, 19-Mar-2009. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO. Photos
96. Hoya josetteae M.N.Medina & Kloppenb., Hoya New 5 (2016) 3; --Type: (CMUH 00010811, holo), Mindanao: Maharlika, Marilog District, Davao City, 2016. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO.
    
97. Hoya juannguoana Kloppenb., Fraterna 15(1) (2002) 1, as 'juanngoiana'; --Type: Kloppenburg 2001 (UC, holo). Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Photos
98. Hoya kanlaonensis Kloppenb., Siar & Ferreras, Fraterna 23(4) (2010) 24; --Type: U. Ferreras 771 (PUH 14600, holo). Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS. Photos
99. Hoya kentiana C.M.Burton, Hoyan 12 (3:2) (1991) iv; --Type: BS 28531 Ramos & Edaño (US, holo; BO, iso), Luzon: Tayabas, Mt Binuang, May-1917. --Hoya binuangensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 9(3) (2019) 12, as 'bunuabgensis'; --Type: BS 28531 Ramos & Edaño (BO, holo; US, iso), Luzon: Tayabas, Mt Binuang, May-1917. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Note by P.B. Pelser (20-Jun-21): Kloppenburg presumably meant to name this species Hoya binuangensis and overlooked the fact that the type that he selected was already the type of Burton's species.
    
100. Hoya krohniana Kloppenb. & Siar, Fraterna 22(4) (2009) 9; --Type: 70365 (CAHUP, holo). Endemic to the Philippines.
101. Hoya lacunosa Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 16 (1827) 1063. Borneo, Java, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Thailand, Philippines. LUZON. Photos
102. Hoya lagunaensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 2 (2014) 9; --Type: (CAHUP 5965, holo). Endemic to the Philippines.
     
103. Hoya lambioae Kloppenb., Guevarra, Cajano & Carandang, Hoya New 4 (2015) 3; --Type: Ivy Amor F.Lambio s.n. (CAHUP 71847), Luzon: Laguna, Mt. Makiling, UP Los Baños, Mudsprings, May-2011. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna.
     
104. Hoya landgrantensis Kloppenb., Siar & Cajano, Asia Life Sci. 18(1) (2009) 147; --Type: S.V. Siar & M.A.O. Cajano 5963 (CAHUP 70617, holo; CAHUP 70618, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Mun. Siniloan, Brgy. Kapatalan, c. 300m. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna. 
105. Hoya larrycahilogii Medina & Kloppenb., Hoya New 6 (2016) 3; --Type: Larry Cahilog s.n. (CMUH, holo), Mindanao: South Cotabato, Tampakan, Brgy Danlag, Camp 2, 15-Dec-2016, 529m. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: South Cotabato.
     
106. Hoya lazaroi Kloppenb. & Siar, Asia Life Sci. 17(1) (2008) 66; --Type: S.V. Siar & M.A.O. Cajano 5942 (CAHUP 70361, holo), Luzon: cult. from Quezon, Mt. Banahaw. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Photos
107. Hoya leticiae Kloppenb., Cajano & Hadsall, Hoya New 5 (2015) 16; --Type: M.A.O.Cajano & A.S.Hadsall s.n. (CAHUP 72342, holo), Luzon, 21-Sep-2013. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON.
     
108. Hoya leytensis Elmer ex C.M.Burton, Hoyan 10 (1988) i; --Type: Elmer 7261, Leyte: Palo, on tree branches, near sea-level, Jan-1906; --Hoya leytensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3582, nom. inval., no Latin descr. Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE. Photos
109. Hoya linapauliana Kloppenb., Hoya New 8 (2018) 13; --Type: B.F. Harriail s.n. (CAHUP, holo), ?Luzon: ?Mt Maquiling ('Mt Miquiling'), 20-Oct-1968. Endemic to the Philippines. ?LUZON.
     
110. Hoya linavergarae Kloppenb. & Siar, Fraterna 19(4) (2006) 11, as 'linavergariae'; --Type: CAHUP 68632 (holo). Endemic to the Philippines. Photos
111. Hoya litii Kloppenb., Siar & Cajano, Hoya New 5 (2015) 8; --Type: (CAHUP 72240, holo), Luzon: Albay, Legaspi. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay.
     
112. Hoya loheri Kloppenb., Fraterna 1991(3, Suppl.) (1991) III ; --Type: Loher s.n. (UC, holo), Luzon: Rizal, Montalban, Mt Paningtingan, 15-Mar-1915. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, Rizal.
     
     • ssp. loheri.
     • ssp. tanawanensis Kloppenb. & G.Mend., Hoya New 5(1) (2015) 30; --Type: G.K. Mendoza GM-231 (PNH, holo), Luzon: Quezon, Mt. Tanawan, 350m. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon.
       
113. Hoya lucardenasiana Kloppenb., Siar & Cajano, Asia Life Sci. 18(1) (2009) 144; --Type: S.V. Siar & M.A.O. Cajano 5961 (CAHUP 70615, holo; CAHUP 70616, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Mun. Siniloan, Brgy. Kapatalan, c. 300m, 19-Jul-2017. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna. Photos
114. Hoya lucyae Kloppenb. & Siar, Fraterna 19(4) (2006) 8; --Type: Bicknell s.n. (CAHUP 68633, holo), Jan-1998. Endemic to the Philippines.
115. Hoya mcgregorii Schltr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 302; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 352; --Type: McGregor 191 (B), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Baco River, Apr/May-1905. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. On trees at low elevation in the type locality.
116. Hoya madulidii Kloppenb., Fraterna 1(3, Suppl.) (1990) IV; --Eriostemma madulidii (Kloppenb.) Kloppenb. & Gilding, Fraterna 14(2) (2001) 4; --Type: Bolster 357 (B, holo; UC), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, Caningag Creek,  400ft. Endemic to the Philippines. JOLO, LUZON: Ifugao, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Photos
117. Hoya maquilingensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 8(4) (2018) 9, as 'miquilingensis'; --Type: UC18041, holo, Luzon: Mt. Maquiling, Jun/Jul-1917. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna.
     
118. Hoya marananiae Kloppenb., Siar, Cajano & Carandang, Hoya New 4 (2015) 13; --Type: Cajano & Maranan ?6810 (CAHUP 71841, holo), Polillo: Burdeos, Brgy Burdeos, Sitio Carlagan, Isla Puting Bato, 5-May-2010. Endemic to the Philippines. POLILLO.
     
119. Hoya mariae (Schltr.) L.Wanntorp & Meve, Willdenowia 41 (2011) 98; --Clemensiella mariae (Schltr.) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 566; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 356; --Clemensia mariae Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 543. --Hoya viracensis Kloppenb. & Siar, Fraterna 19(4) (2006) 5. --Clemensiella dischidioides Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 356, in obs., pro syn. Clemensiella mariae Schltr; --Type: Elmer 15801 (NY?, cited by Merrill as 16801), Luzon:  Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan. Jul-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LEYTE,  LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. Forests at medium elevation. Photos
120. Hoya martinii Kloppenb. & G.Mend., Hoya New 5 (2015) 3; --Type: G.K.Mendosa GM-4 (PNH 254954, holo), cult. from Luzon: Quezon, Real. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon.
     
121. Hoya marvinii Kloppenb., G.Mend. & Ferreras, Hoya New 1 (2013) 3; --Type: George Mendoza et al. 37 (PUH 14652, holo), Luzon: Aurora, Dingalan. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora.
     
122. Hoya matiensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 8 (2018) 3; --Type: Ramos/Edaño Roll 54 Draw 70 (UC 49238, holo), Mindanao: Davao Oriental, Mati. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental.
     
123. Hoya maximowayetii Kloppenb., Hoya New 4 (2015) 23; --Type: Maximo Wayet (CAHUP 5271, holo). Endemic to the Philippines.
     
124. Hoya medinae Kloppenb., Hoya New 6 (2017) 3; --Type: M.N. Medina, L. Cahilog, N. Balbon & C. Salazar s.n. (CMUH, holo), Mindanao: Davao Oriental, Govenor Generoso, near river bank of Tandang Sora, 20-Jun-2016. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental.
     
125. Hoya meliflua (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 318; EPFP 3 (1923) 352; --Stapelia meliflua Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 202; --Type: Merrill 2565 (US, neo), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Marivales, Lamao River, 11 to 14-Jun-1903. --Hoya luzonica Schltr. in K.Schum. & Laut., Nacht. Fl. Deutsch Sudsee (1904) 364; in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 130; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 380; --Type: Warburg 13765 (B, lecto; BM, isolecto), Luzon: Zambales. --Hoya davaoensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 1(2) (2013) 9; --Type: Ramos & Edano 49272 (UC, holo; B, P, iso), Mindanao: Mati, Mar/Apr-1927. Borneo, Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Bataan, Laguna, La Union, Rizal, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. On trees at low elevation. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11). Photos
     
     • ssp. breviora Kloppenb., Hoya New 8(2) (2018) 43; --Type: PNH9385, holo, Philippines. Endemic to the Philippines.
     • ssp. escobinae Kloppenb., Conda, Buot & Pitargue, Hoya New 6(1) (2016) 10; --Type: J.M. Conda s.n. (PNH, holo).
       
     • ssp. meliflua.
     • ssp. taytayensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 8(1) (2018) 3; --Type: Merrill 9385 (PNH, holo), Palawan: Taytay, May-1913. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN.
126. Hoya memoria Kloppenb., Fraterna 17(4) (2004) 2; --Type: 81074 (UC, holo), Luzon: Manila Memorial Garden, 1981. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Manila. Described from cultivated material? Photos
127. Hoya merrillii Schltr. in Perkins, Fragm. Fl. Philip. (1904) 1313; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 353; --Type: Merrill 2218 (B, A), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Pola, May-1903. Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, LUZON: Camarines, Cavite, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, MINDANAO: Davao, MINDORO, POLILLO. On trees at low elevation. Photos
     
     • ssp. frakei Kloppenb., Hoya New 9(3) (2019) 16; --Type: Charles O. Frake s.n. (PNH38435, holo), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Norte, 17-Mar-1958. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte.
     • ssp. merrillii.
128. Hoya migueldavidii Cabactulan, Rodda & Pimentel, PhytoKeys 80 (2017) 107; --Type: R. Pimentel s.n. (CMUH, holo; SING, iso), Mindanao: Bukidnon, Mount Kitanglad, 11-Aug-2016. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Conservation status: Data Deficient (Cabactulan et al. 2017). Photos
     
129. Hoya mindanaoensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 8(3) (2018) 13; --Type: F.H.Bolster s.n. (UC295, holo), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, Placer, Lake Mainit. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte.
     
130. Hoya mindorensis Schltr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 302; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 353; --Obeña & Buot, Biodiversitas 20 (2019) 1702; --Type: MacGregor 332 (B, lecto), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Baco River, Apr/May-1905. --Hoya mindorensis Schltr. ssp. mendozae Kloppenb. & Ferreras, Hoya New 2 (2014) 34; --Type: G. Mendoza GM45 (PUH, holo), Luzon: Laguna, Nagcarlan, Mt Mabilog, 2-Oct-2013. Borneo, Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS. On trees at low elevation. Conservation status: Data Deficient (Rodda et al. 2014). Photos
     • ssp. bulusanensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 9(3) (2019) 21; --Type: M.D. Sulit s.n. (PNH2792, holo), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan, 9-Aug-1947. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon.
     • ssp. dinagatensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 9(3) (2019) 19; --Type: Gaerlan, Sagcal & Fernando s.n. (PNH4747, holo), 1-Oct-1991, Dinagat. Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT.
     • ssp. lagyoensis Kloppenb. & G.Mend., Hoya New 7(2) (2017) 28; --Type: J.M.M. Agcaoili s.n. (PNH, holo), cult. from G. Mendoza et al. GM-198, Luzon: Quezon, Mt Lagyo, 450m. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon.
       
     • ssp. mindorensis.
     • ssp. philippinensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 8(2) (2018) 7; --Type: CAHUP61933, holo, Philippines. Endemic to the Philippines.
131. Hoya mitrata Kerr, Hooker's Icon. Pl. 35 (1940) t. 3406, nom. cons. --Hoya darwinii Loher, Gard. Chron. 47 (1910) 66; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 352; --Obeña & Buot, Biodiversitas 20 (2019) 1702; --Type: Loher 14574 (UC), Luzon: Mar/Apr-1909. Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Thailand, Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO, PANAY. Low or medium elevation forests. Photos
     
132. Hoya monetteae T.Green, Fraterna 17(2) (2004) 10; --Type: T.Green 007 (BISH, holo), Palawan: Tumarbong River delta. Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines. PALAWAN.
133. Hoya moninae Kloppenb. & Cajano, Hoya New 2 (2014) 41; --Type: Blas Hernaez s.n. (CAHUP 5295, holo), 17-Mar-1990. Endemic to the Philippines.
     
134. Hoya montalbanensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 8(3) (2018) 6, as 'montelbanensis'; --Type: Loher (PNH13306, holo), Luzon: Montalban. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal.
     
135. Hoya multiflora Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (Blume) (1823) 49; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 16 (1827) 1064; --Centrostemma multiflorum (Blume) Decne., Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2 , 9 (1838) 272; --Merr., EPFP 3   (1923) 350. Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Myanmar, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. BABUYAN ISLS, DINAGAT, LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao Oriental, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, TABLAS, SIARGAO. Epiphytic or pseudo-epiphytic on trees in primary forests at low and medium elevation. Photos
136. Hoya myrmecopa Kleijn & Donkelaar, Blumea 46(3) (2001) 477; --Type: from Sulawesi. Sulawesi, Philippines. Photos
     • ssp. kapatalanensis Kloppenb., Siar, Cajano, Guevarra & Carandang, Hoya New 1(4) (2013) 51; --Type: S.V. Siar & M.A.O. Cajano s.n. (CAHUP, holo), Luzon: Laguna: Siniloan, Brgy Kapatalan, UP Land Grant, 30m. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna.
       
137. Hoya nakarensis Kloppenb., G.Mend. & Ferreras, Hoya New 1 (2013) 34; --Type: George Mendoza et al. 70 (PUH 14620, holo), Luzon: Quezon, General Nakar. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon.
     
138. Hoya navicula Kloppenb. & G.Mend., Hoya New 5 (2015) 17; --Type: G.K.Mendoza GM-71 (PNH 254956, holo), Luzon: Catanduanes. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Catanduanes.
     
139. Hoya negrosensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 8 (2018) 41; --Type: Ben Stone Roll 244 (PNH 6377), Negros: ?Kanlaon ('Canaloan'), 4-Mar-1999. Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS.
     
140. Hoya nom. nov. 1, ined.; --Eriostemma davaoense Kloppenb., Hoya New 2 (2014) 26; --Type: Ramos & Edaño 49264 (UC, holo), Mindanao: Mati Davao, 10-Apr-1927. --?Eriostemma ramosii Kloppenb., Hoya New 4 (2015) 19. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO. Note by P.B. Pelser (20-Jul-2021): The name Hoya davaoensis is occupied by Hoya davaoensis Kloppenb. The name Hoya ramosii is occupied by Hoya ramosii Kloppenb. & Siar.
     
141. Hoya nom. nov. 2, ined.; --Eriostemma samarense Kloppenb., Hoya New 2 (2014) 4, as 'smarense'; --Type: Gaerlan, Sagcal & Fernando 5914 (PNH, holo), Samar: Brag Samar, 5-Feb-1992. Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Note by P.B. Pelser (22-Aug-2019): The name Hoya samarensis is occupied by Hoya samarensis Kloppenb.
142. Hoya nom. nov. 3, ined.; --Clemensiella hernaezii Kloppenb., Hoya New 9(2) (2019) 27; --Type: Hernaez 3990 (CAHUP, holo), Luzon: Quezon, UP Landgrant. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Note by P.B. Pelser (15-Jan-2020): The name Hoya hernaezii is occupied by Hoya hernaezii Kloppenb.
     
143. Hoya nova Kloppenb., Hoya New 8 (2018) 24; --Type: (CAHUP 63826, holo), ?Luzon: ?Mt Isarog. Endemic to the Philippines.
     
144. Hoya obscura Elmer ex C.M.Burton, Hoyan 8 (1986) 15; --Type: Elmer 16719 (A, UC), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin (Mt Bulusan), Jul-1916. --Hoya gracilis Schltr. in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 50 Beibl. 92 (1908) 14; --Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 352. Borneo, Philippines. LUZON: Albay, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PANAY. In primary forests on ridges extending into the mossy forest, c.1000m. Photos
     
     • ssp. lagunaensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 8(2) (2018) 13; --Type: CAHUP5268, holo, Philippines. Endemic to the Philippines.
     • ssp. obscura.
145. Hoya odetteae Kloppenb., Fraterna 11 (1998) 8; --Type: (BISH, holo; PNH, UC, iso), Mindanao. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao. Epiphytic along riverbank. Photos
146. Hoya odorata Schltr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 303; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 353; --Obeña & Buot, Biodiversitas 20 (2019) 1702; --Type: Merrill 3202 (B), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, mossy forest, 4200ft. Endemic to the Philippines. BATANES, CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Bataan, Ifugao, Laguna, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO, NEGROS, PANAY. Mossy forests on ridges, 1200-2000m. Photos
     
     • ssp. antoinsensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 4(2) (2015) 21; --Type: B.B. Briton s.n. (PNH, holo), Negros: Negros Oriental, ?Talinas, ?Antoins, 5-Sep-1953. Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS.
     • ssp. garciae Kloppenb., Hoya New 4(2) (2015) 25, as 'garciai'; --Type: R.F. Garcia s.n. (PNH, holo), Negros: Negros Oriental, Sibalan, Kabalinan, Mt. Gintaban. Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS.
     • ssp. loheri Kloppenb., Hoya New 9(3) (2019) 5; --Type: Loher s.n. (UC13860, holo), Luzon: Rizal, Oriud, Mar-1914. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal.
     • ssp. odorata.
     • ssp. maquilingensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 8(4) (2018) 7, as 'miquilingensis'; --Type: B.F. Harriail s.n. (CAHUP, holo), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Maquiling. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna.
     • ssp. rizaliana Kloppenb., Hoya New 9(3) (2019) 3; --Type: Loher s.n. (UC14519, holo), Luzon: Rizal, May-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal.
     • ssp. taytayensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 4(2) (2015) 17; --Type: Edaño s.n. (PNH, holo), Negros: Negros Oriental, Lake Balinsasayao, Taytay, 976m, 7-Sep-1948. Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS.
       
147. Hoya orientalis P.T.Li, Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 4(1) (1984) 121; --Hoya reticulata Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 311, nom. illeg., auct. non Moon; EPFP 3 (1923) 353; --Type: BS 34530 Ramos & Pascasio, Mindanao: Surigao, swampy thickets at low elevation, 17-Apr-1919. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Surigao, MINDORO. Low elevation swampy thickets in Surigao.
     
148. Hoya ormocensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 3 (2014) 31; --Type: G.E. Edaño s.n. (PNH 11895, holo), Leyte: Antilao River, Ormoc, 500m, 12-Mar-1950. Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE.
     
149. Hoya palawanensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 4(3) (2015) 10; --Hoya palawanensis ssp. minor Kloppenb., Hoya New 5(2 (2015) 3; --Type: CAHUP 5297 (CAHUP). Endemic to the Philippines. ?PALAWAN. Note by P.B. Pelser (21-Jun-2021): The type of Hoya palawanensis ssp. minor is the same as the type of Hoya palawanensis.
150. Hoya palawanica Schltr. ex Kloppenb., Fraterna 1(3, Suppl.) (1990) V; --Type: Foxworthy 834 (B), Palawan: border of mangrove swamp, May-1906. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, PALAWAN, POLILLO.
151. Hoya panayensis Kloppenb. & Siar, Fraterna 22(4) (2009) 13; --Type: R.C. McGregor 32378 (UC, holo). Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY. Photos
     
152. Hoya panchoi Kloppenb., Hoyan 10 (1988) 1. Endemic to the Philippines.
     
153. Hoya parvapollinia Kloppenb. & G.Mend., Hoya New 5 (2015) 10; --Type: G.K. Mendoza GM-46 (PNH 254955, holo), Luzon: Aurora. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora.
     
154. Hoya paziae Kloppenb., Fraterna 1(3, Suppl.) (1990) VI; --Hoya eugeniodes Schltr., ined., --Type: Merrill 5618 (B), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Mt Halcon, mossy forest, 900m, Nov-1906. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, MINDORO, PANAY. Mossy forest, 900m on Mt Halcon. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11). Photos
     
     • ssp. montelbanensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 9(3) (2019) 10; --Type: Schlechter s.n. (UC13176, holo), Luzon: Rizal, Montalban, 1913. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal.
     • ssp. paziae.
155. Hoya pentaphlebia Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 330; EPFP 3 (1923) 353; --Type: BS 17411 Ramos (US), Samar: Cauayan Valley, in damp forest, Mar-1914. Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, MINDANAO: Surigao, MINDORO, SAMAR. Forests (including mangroves) at low elevation. Photos
156. Hoya persicina Kloppenb., Siar, Guevarra, Carandang & Mendoza, J. Nat. Stud. 11 (1&2) (2012) 42; --Type: 71850 (CAHUP, holo). Endemic to the Philippines. Photos
     
     • ssp. percicina.
     • ssp. rosea Kloppenb., Guevarra, G.Mend. & Ferreras, J. Nat. Stud. 12(1) (2013) 25; --Type: 14623 (holo, PUH). LUZON: Quezon.
       
157. Hoya pimenteliana Kloppenb., Fraterna 12 (1999) 7. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna. Twining on trees and shrubs at low elevations. Photos
158. Hoya placerensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 8 (2018) 51; --Type: F.H. Bolster s.n. (UC 295, holo), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, Placer, Lake Mainit. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte.
     
159. Hoya platycaulis Simonsson & Rodda, Asklepios 106 (2009) 15; --Type: Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (K, holo), Luzon: Laguna, from cultivated material, 10-Aug-2009. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, NEGROS (photos). Photos  
160. Hoya polilloensis Kloppenb., Guevarra, G.Mend. & Ferreras, J. Nat. Stud. 12(1) (2013) 19; --Type: G.Mendoza et al. GM#35 (PUH 4651, holo). Endemic to the Philippines. POLILLO.
161. Hoya pseudobicolensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 8 (2018) 10; --Type: Blass Hernaez s.n. (CAHUP 5294, holo), Luzon: Quezon, UP Landgrant. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon.
     
162. Hoya pseudoleytensis Kloppenb., G.Mend., Guevarra & Carandang, Hoya New 1 (2013) 55; --Type: G.K. Mendoza et al. s.n. (CAHUP 71860, holo), Luzon: Aurora, Baler, 800m, Feb-2010. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora.
     
163. Hoya pubicalyx Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 131; EPFP 3 (1923) 353; --Type: BS 19484 Ramos & Edaño, Luzon: Quezon, Mauban, on trees along streams in damp forest, 24-Jan-1913. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Forest near the seashore. Photos
164. Hoya pubicenta Kloppenb., G.Mend. & Ferreras, Hoya New 2 (2014) 12; --Type: George Mendoza s.n. (PUH 14619, holo), Luzon: Quezon, General Nakar, 5-Jul-2012. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon.
165. Hoya pubicorolla Kloppenb., G.Mend. & Ferreras, Hoya New 1 (2013) 13; --Type: Edaño 3235 (PNH, holo). Endemic to the Philippines.
     
     • ssp. anthracina Kloppenb., Ferreras & G.Mend., Hoya New 1 (2013) 20; --Type: (PNH 14597, holo).
     • ssp. pubicorolla.
166. Hoya pulchra Aurigue & Cabactulan, Ann. Bot. Fennici 56 (2019) 50; --Type: De Leon MDL-BK02 (PNH, holo), Mindanao: Bukidnon, Baungon, 1000m, from living accession R.B. BK-01-pink, vouchered in cultivation in Camp Phillips, 22-Mar-2016. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Conservation status: Data Deficient (Cabactulan et al. 2019). Photos
167. Hoya querinoensis Kloppenb. & Siar, Fraterna 20(4) (2007) 13; --Type: CAHUP 41946 M. Wayet (CAHUP, holo), 15-Sep-1988. Endemic to the Philippines.
168. Hoya quinquenervia Warb. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. 1 (1904) 132; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 353; --Obeña & Buot, Biodiversitas 20 (2019) 1702; --Type: Warburg 11956 (B), Luzon: Isabela, Malunu. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Isabela, Sorsogon, MINDANAO. Forests at low and medium elevation. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Photos
169. Hoya quisumbingii Kloppenb., Fraterna 5(4) (1992) t. III; --Type: PNH 79412 Quisumbing et al. (PNH), Batanes: Itbayat Is., Mar-1961. Endemic to the Philippines. BATANES. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Photos
170. Hoya ralphdavisiana Kloppenb., G.Mend. & Ferreras, Hoya New 2 (2014) 31; --Type: George Mendoza et al. s.n. (PUH 14681), Luzon: Quezon, Mt Tagumpay. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon.
     
171. Hoya ramosii Kloppenb. & Siar, Fraterna 20(4) (2007) 17; --Type: Ramos & Edano (PNH 75500, holo; UC, PRE, iso). Endemic to the Philippines.
172. Hoya reyesii M.N.Medina & Kloppenb., Hoya New 5 (2016) 3; --Type: (CMU 00009840, holo), Mindanao: Bukidnon, Valencia City. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon.
     
173. Hoya reynosoi Kloppenb., Hoya New 8(3) (2018) 8, as 'reynosai'; --Type: Reynoso, Sagcal & Garcia ?s.n. (PNH7251, holo), Luzon: Ifugao, Kiangan, Brgy Baguinge, 2-Aug-1992. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao.
     
174. Hoya rima Kloppenb., G.Mend. & Ferreras, Hoya New 2 (2014) 23; --Type: George Mendoza GM 72 (PUH 14680), Luzon: Catanduanes. Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES.
     
175. Hoya rizaliana Kloppenb., Fraterna 1991(4, Suppl.) (1991) IV ; --Type: Loher s.n., Luzon: Rizal, Montalban, Oct-1909. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11).
176. Hoya rosarioae Kloppenb. & Siar, Hoya New 4 (2015) 3; --Type: S.V. Siar s.n. (CAHUP, holo), Catanduanes: 16-Mar-2007. Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES. Photos
177. Hoya ruscifolia Decne. in DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 639; --Type: Callery s.n., Luzon: Igorrotes Mtns. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON.
178. Hoya sagcalii Kloppenb., Hoya New 9(2) (2019) 19; --Type: Galen & Sagcal s.n. (PNH10085, holo), Tawi-tawi. Endemic to the Philippines. TAWI-TAWI.
     
179. Hoya salmonea Kloppenb., Guevarra, G.Mend. & Ferreras, J. Nat. Stud. 12(1) (2013) 22; --Type: 14622 (PUH, holo). Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Quezon.
     • ssp. pallida Kloppenb., G.Mend. & Ferreras, Hoya New 1(1) (2013) 28; --Type: G. Mendoza et al. 64 (PUH, holo), Luzon: Aurora, Dingalan. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora.
       
     • ssp. salmonea. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon.
180. Hoya samarensis Kloppenb. & Siar, Asklepios 113 (2012) 29; --Type: R.S. & G. Visayas (PNH 7304, holo), Samar: Western Samar, Peramas, Brgy Lokilokon, Mt Malingon, 29-Oct-1993. Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR.
     
     • ssp. gutierrezii Kloppenb., Hoya New 3(2) (2014) 27. Gutierrez et al. s.n. (PNH 117633, holo), Samar: Basey, Mt Sohoton. Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR.
       
     • ssp. samarensis. Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR.
181. Hoya santafeensis Kloppenb. & G.Mend., Hoya New 5 (2015) 24; --Type: G.K. Mendosa GM-179 (PNH 254957, holo), Luzon: Nueva Vizcaya, Santa Fe, 400m, cultivated. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya.
     
182. Hoya santiagoi Kloppenb. & Siar, Fraterna 24(4) (2011) 29; --Type: M.M. Santiago (PNH 36315, holo), Bimangoan Yard, 24-Feb-1957. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon.
     
     • ssp. mendozae Kloppenb., Hoya New 1(3) (2013) 39, as 'mandozai'; --Type: Mendoza s.n. (PNH 97825, holo), Luzon: Quezon, Tagkawayan, Seguiwan, 5-Jun-1965. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon.
       
     • ssp. santiagoi.
183. Hoya schallertiae C.M.Burton, Hoyan 3(4) (1982) 96; --Obeña & Buot, Biodiversitas 20 (2019) 1702; --Type: E.A.Mears s.n. (US 447593, holo), 11-Mar-1904. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO.
184. Hoya scortechinii King & Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 74 (1908) 567. --Hoya indaysarae M.N.Medina, R.J.T.Villanueva, Kloppenb. & Cabras, Hoya New 7 (2018) 2; --Obeña & Buot, Biodiversitas 20 (2019) 1702; --Type: R.J.T. Villanueva s.n. (CMUH, holo), Dinagat: 23-Apr-2017. Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Thailand, Philippines. DINAGAT, MINDANAO, PALAWAN. Note by P.B. Pelser (12-Apr-21): Hoya indaysarae is a synonym of Hoya scortechinii (Derek Cabactulan, pers. comm., 12-Apr-21). Photos
     
185. Hoya seidenschwarzii (Kloppenb.) ined.; --Eriostemma seidenschwarzii Kloppenb., Hoya New 2 (2014) 11; --Type: F. Seidenschwarz s.n. (CEBU 20013, holo), Cebu: Mt Ma-uyog, 8-Apr-2014. Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU.
186. Hoya sipitangensis Kloppenb. & Wiberg, Fraterna 15 (2002) 4; --Delos Angeles et al., Check List 17 (2021) 919; --Type: from Borneo. Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Photos
     
187. Hoya soligamiana Kloppenb., Siar & Cajano, Asia Life Sci. 18(1) (2009) 151; --Type: S.V. Siar & M.A.O. Cajano 5868 (CAHUP 69916, holo; CAHUP 70619, iso). Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. c. 200m. Photos
188. Hoya stafeensis Kloppenb. & G.Mend., Hoya New 5(1) (2015) 24; --Type: G.K. Mendoza GM 179 (PNH, holo), Luzon: Nueva Vizcaya, Sta Fe. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya.
     
189. Hoya stoneana Kloppenb. & Siar, Fraterna 19(4) (2006) 19, as 'stoneiana'; --Type: (CAHUP 68634, holo). Endemic to the Philippines.
190. Hoya sulitii Kloppenb., Hoya New 4 (2015) 47; --Type: M.D. Sulit s.n. (PNH 10147, holo), Mindanao ('Mindoro'): Bukidnon ('Bukidnion'), Mt Kitanglad ('Katanglad'), 15-Apr-1949. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon.
     
191. Hoya suluensis (Kloppenb.) ined.; --Eriostemma suluense Kloppenb., Hoya New 2 (2014) 30, as 'suluense'; --Type: Ramos & Edaño BS 44098 (UC, holo; BO, iso), Tawi-tawi: Jul/Aug-1924. Endemic to the Philippines. TAWI-TAWI.
     
192. Hoya surigaoensis Kloppenb., Siar & Nyhuus, Asklepios 107 (2010) 23; --Obeña & Buot, Biodiversitas 20 (2019) 1702; --Type: (CAHUP 71719, holo). Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO. Photos
193. Hoya tangerina Kloppenb., G.Mend. & Ferreras, Hoya New 2 (2014) 15; --Type: George Mendoza et al. s.n. (PUH 14683, holo), Polillo. Endemic to the Philippines. POLILLO.
     
194. Hoya taylorii Kloppenb., Hoya New 9(2) (2019) 33; --Type: Taylor s.n. (UC, holo), Luzon: Rizal, Sep-1909. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal.
     
195. Hoya taytayensis Kloppenb. & Siar, Hoya New 1 (2013) 28; --Type: Merrill s.n. (BO 9385, holo), Palawan: Taytay, 1913. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN.
     
196. Hoya taywanisensis Kloppenb., Mendoza & Ferreras, Hoya New 8(4) (2018) 3; --Type: G. Mendoza & al. GM 204, Luzon: Quezon, Mt Taywanis. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon.
     
197. Hoya tsangii C.M.Burton, Hoyan 9 (1988) 1; --Type: Elmer 16340, Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran (Mt Urdaneta), Aug-1912. --Hoya angustifolia Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3572, nom. inval., no Latin descr.;  --Vouchers: Elmer 16340, 16916, Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, in dense woody tangles, 1000ft, Aug-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Photos
198. Hoya unica Kloppenb., G.Mend. & Ferreras, Hoya New 1 (2013) 9; --Type: George Mendoza et al. 49 (PUH 14621, holo), Luzon: Catanduanes. Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES.
     
199. Hoya unruhiana Kloppenb., Siar, G.Mend., Cajano & Carandang, Hoya New 1 (2013) 25; --Hoya unruhiana Kloppenb., Siar, G.Mend., Cajano & Carandang, Malaysian Hoya species (2012), nom. inval.; --Type: CAHUP 71807 (holo), Polillo: 6-May-2010. Endemic to the Philippines. POLILLO.
     
200. Hoya uplandgrantensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 4 (2015) 3; --Type: (CAHUP 5965, holo), ?Luzon, ?Quezon, UP Landgrant. Endemic to the Philippines. ?LUZON: ?Quezon.
     
201. Hoya velasioi Kloppenb., Hoya New 4 (2015) 35, as 'velasioii'; --Type: J.R. Velasio s.n. (CAHUP 9136). Endemic to the Philippines.
     
     • ssp. grandiora Kloppenb., Hoya New 4 (2015) 13; --Type: (CAHUP 18682, holo).
     • ssp. velasioi.
202. Hoya verticillata (Vahl) G.Don, Gen. Hist. 4 (1838) 128; --Sperlingia verticillata Vahl, Skr. Naturhist.-Selsk. 6 (1810) 113. --Hoya wibergiae Kloppenb., Fraterna 14(1) (2001) 5; --Type: Kloppenburg Hort. No. 951074 (UC, holo), Palawan: Estrella Falls area, cult. at Fresno (California). --Hoya wibergiae subsp. alba Kloppenb., Hoya New 4(1 (2015) 28; --Type: Edaño (PNH 14203, holo), Palawan: Mt Victoria. Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Philippines. PALAWAN. Note by P.B. Pelser (12-Apr-21): Hoya wibergiae is a synonym of Hoya verticillata (Derek Cabactulan, pers. comm., 12-Apr-21). Photos
     
203. Hoya vicencioana Kloppenb., Siar, Cajano, Guevarra & Carandang, J. Nat. Stud. 11 (1&2) (2012) 46; --Type: 71842 (CAHUP, holo). Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon.
     • ssp. quezonensis Kloppenb., Hoya New 4(1) (2015) 31; --Type: Blas Hernaez s.n. (CAHUP, holo), Luzon: Quezon, 17-Mar-1990. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon.
       
     • ssp. vicencioana. Endemic to the Philippines.
204. Hoya wayetii Kloppenb., Fraterna 6(2) (1993) 10; --Type: M. Wayet (CAHUP, holo), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Nov-1989. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Photos
205. Hoya williamoliveriana Kloppenb., Cajano & Hadsall, Hoya New 5 (2015) 28; --Type: Mary Ann Cajano 6675 (CAHUP 72000, holo; CAHUP, iso), Luzon, 14- Feb-2012. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON.
206. Hoya williamsiana Kloppenb., Siar, G.Mend., Cajano, Guevarra & Carandang, Hoya New 1 (2013) 34; --Type: M.A.O. Cajano & F. Maranan s.n. (CAHUP 71852, holo), Polillo: Burdeos, Brgy Burdeos, Sitio Aluyon, Putingbato, 6/7-Feb-2010. Endemic to the Philippines. POLILLO.

Invalidly published names:

1. Hoya pubifera Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3588, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; --Voucher: Elmer 16971 (L, NY), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan. Forests,  c. 1500ft, Aug-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon. Forests, c. 450m.
2. Hoya pulgarensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3589; --Eriostemma pulgarensis (Elmer) Kloppenb. & Gilding, Fraterna 14(2) (2001) 4, nom. inval. Endemic to the Philippines. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11).

Ichnocarpus R.Br.

1. Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T.Aiton, Hort. Kew ed. 2, 2 (1811) 69; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males, ser. 1, 18 (2007) 204; --Apocynum frutescens L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 213; --Type: from Sri Lanka. --Ichnocarpus volubilis (Lour.) Merr., PJS 21 (1922) 506; EPFP 3 (1923) 336; --Gardenia volubilis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 148; --Type: from Vietnam. --Echites caudatus Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 106, nom. illeg., auct. non L.; Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 77; --Type: Not preserved. Merrill (1918) has designated Merrill Species Blancoanae 456 (A, K, L, MO, P) as illustrative specimen. --Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T.Aiton var. ovatifolius (A.DC.) Deb., Fl. Tripura State 2 (1983) 18; --Ichnocarpus ovatifolius A.DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 435; --Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 313; --Type: Cuming 1809 (BM, lecto; G, K, MO, OXF, TCD, W, iso), ‘Manila’. --Ichnocarpus navesii Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21 (1884) 313, nom. nud. --Carruthersia daronensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1450; --Type: Elmer 11099 (K, lecto; BISH, BO, BP, E, L, Z, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao: Mt Apo, Todaya. --Toxocarpus makilingensis Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 336, nom. inval. (only in synonymy). Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pakistan, Peninsular Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. Throughout the Philippines. Often common. Low and medium elevation thickets and secondary forests. Photos

Ischnostemma King & Gamble = Vincetoxicum

Kibatalia G.Don

1. Kibatalia arborea (Blume) G.Don, Gen. Hist. 4 (1837) 86; --Woodson, PJS 60 (1936) 226; --Soejarto et al. (1995) Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 86-5 (1987) 43; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 211; --Kickxia arborea (Blume) Blume, Rumphia 4 (1849) 26 (as ‘Kixia’); --Hasseltia arborea Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 1046; --Type: from Java. Borneo, Java, Peninsular Malaysia, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Philippines. PALAWAN. Note by P.B. Pelser (26-Apr-21): the Philippine record is SMHI 2170 (A, L) from Mt Beaufort. Lowland forests.  
2. Kibatalia blancoi (Rolfe ex Stapf) Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 309; EPFP 3 (1923) 334; Woodson, PJS 60 (1936)  221; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 86-5 (1987) 47; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 18 (2007) 211; --Kickxia blancoi Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1884) 313; --Type: Illustration in Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) pl. 428bis under the incorrect name of Kickxia arborea (lecto). --Kibatalia merrittii (Merr.) Woodson, PJS 60 (1936) 220; --Kickxia merrittii Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 315; --Type: FB 11488 Merritt (K, lecto; US, isolecto), Mindoro. Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Batangas, Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, MINDORO, NEGROS, SIBUYAN. In secondary and primary forests at low and medium elevation, to  1000m. 
3. Kibatalia elmeri Woodson, PJS 60 (1936) 223; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 86-5 (1987) 53; --Soejarto et al. (1995) Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 216; --Kibatalia fragrans Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3694; --Type: Elmer 15934 (MO, holo; A, BM, BO, C, F, G, K, L, NY, P, PNH, U, US, W, Z, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan, Irosin. Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Batangas, Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PALAWAN. In secondary and primary forests, on hillsides and top of ridges. Conservation status: Other Threatened Species (DAO 2017-11).
4. Kibatalia gitingensis (Elmer) Woodson, PJS 60 (1936) 216; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 86-5 (1987) 57; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 216; --Vallaris gitingensis (Elmer) Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 70; EPFP 3 (1923) 339; --Kickxia gitingensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1455; --Type: Elmer 12203 (K, lecto; BM, BO, E, F, G, K, L, MO, NY, US, W, Z, isolecto), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting. --Vallaris angustifolia Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 335; --Type: FB 10507 Curran (K, lecto), Luzon: Sorsogon. Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, SIBUYAN. Hill forests to 525m.  
5. Kibatalia longifolia Merr., PJS 17 (1921) 307; EPFP 3 (1923) 335, as 'oblongifolia'; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 86-5 (1987) 64;  --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 221; --Type: De Mesa 118 in FB 27534 (A, lecto), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Sta Cruz, Balutakay. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur. 40m, probably in forest. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (DAO 2017-11).
6. Kibatalia macgregorii (Elmer) Woodson, PJS 60 (1936) 224; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 86-5 (1987) 67; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 221; --Type: Elmer 12373 (K, lecto; A, BM, BO, BP, E, F, G, L, MICH, MO, NY, W, Z, isolecto), Sibuyan: Magallanes. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Ecija (photos), SIBUYAN. High elevation forests. Photos
   
7. Kibatalia maingayi (Hook.f.) Woodson, PJS 60 (1936) 213; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 86-5 (1987) 69; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 223; --Vallaris maingayi Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 3 (1882) 651; --Type: from Peninsular Malaysia. --Kibatalia daronensis (Elmer) Woodson, PJS 60 (1936) 218; --Vallaris daronensis (Elmer) Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 70; EPFP 3 (1923) 339; --Holarrhena daronensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1455; --Type: Elmer 11912 (K, lecto; A, BISH, BM, BO, BP, E, L, MO, NY, P, US, W, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao. Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Thailand, Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan, Davao, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental. Forests up to 700m.  
8. Kibatalia merrilliana Woodson, PJS 60 (1936) 225; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 86-5 (1987) 74; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 223; --Type: Wenzel 330 (US, holo; A, BM, F, G, GH, L, iso), Leyte: Leyte. Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, SAMAR. Forests at low elevation. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11).
9. Kibatalia puberula Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 423; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 86-5 (1987) 77; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 227; --Type: BS 43767 McGregor (UC, lecto; NY, isolecto), Samar. Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Dipterocarp forests or river banks, elevation 100-250m. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11).
10. Kibatalia stenopetala Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 308; EPFP 3 (1923) 335; --Rudjiman, Agric. Univ. Wageningen Pap. 86-5 (1987) 80; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 227; --De Castro et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3773; --Type: BS 34691 Ramos & Pascasio (A, lecto; BM, BO, K, L, P, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte. --Kibatalia luzonensis Woodson, PJS 60 (1936) 218; --Type: BS 75041 Rivera & Duyag (UC, lecto), Luzon: Laguna, Majayjay. Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, LUZON: Laguna, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, PALAWAN. Low elevation (c. 100m) along streams, to medium elevation forests to 1000m. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Photos

Kopsia Blume

1. Kopsia arborea Blume, Catalogus Gew. Buitenz. (1823) 13; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 235; --Type: from Java. --Kopsia longiflora Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philipp.) 29 (1905) 47; EPFP 3 (1923) 330; --Type: FB 611 Borden (PNH, holo, lost; US, lecto; BM, BO, F, K, NY, SING, UC? isolecto), Luzon: Bataan, Lamao River. --Kopsia laxinervia Merr., PJS 13 c (1918) Bot. 55; EPFP 3 (1923) 330; --Type: BS 28232 Fenix (A, lecto; BO, K, NY, P, US, isolecto), Luzon: Apayao. Andaman Isls, Australia, Borneo, China, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Nicobar Isls, Peninsular Malaysia, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. LUZON: Apayao, Bataan, Camarines, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao, PALAWAN, ROMBLON. In forests, thickets along streams, at low and medium elevation. Photos
2. Kopsia flavida Blume, Rumphia 4 (1849) 28; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 240; --Type: from New Guinea. --Kopsia grandiflora Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 436; EPFP 3 (1923) 330; --Type: BS 33691 Ramos & Edaño (US, lecto; A, K, P, US, isolecto), Luzon: Camarines Norte, Paracale. --Kentochrosia triangularis (Quisumb. & Merr.) Merr. & LM Perry, PJS 76 (1941) 21; --Kopsia triangularis Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 191; --Type: Wenzel 2648 (UC, holo; A, BO, BR, G, M, MO, Z, iso), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte. Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific, Solomon Isls, Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Norte, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte. Lowland forests, along streams, possibly on ultramafics in Surigao del Norte. Photos

Lepiniopsis Valeton

 Photos

1. Lepiniopsis ternatensis Valeton, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 12 (1895) 252; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 321; --Markgr., Blumea 30 (1984) 171; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 262; --Type: from Moluccas (Ternate). --Lepiniopsis philippinensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1458; --Type: Elmer 12378 (GH, lecto; BISH, BO, L, NY, P, US, isolecto), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting. Bismarck Arch, Moluccas, New Guinea, Sulawesi, Philippines. CEBU, LUZON: Camarines, MINDANAO: Agusan, Surigao, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Low and medium elevation forests. Photos

Lochnera Rchb. = Catharanthus

Marsdenia R.Br.

1. Marsdenia pergulariiformis Schltr. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 133; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 354; --Type: Warburg 13002 (B). Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Probably from thickets at low elevation.  
2. Marsdenia philippinensis Schltr. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 133; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 354. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Laguna, Pangasinan, Rizal. Low elevation forests and thickets.  
3. Marsdenia purpurella Fernando & Rodda, Gardens's Bulletin Singapore 65 (2013) 144; --Type: Fernando 2415 (LBC, holo; CAHUP, K, PNH, SING, iso), Luzon: Zambales, Candelaria, Malimlim area, in forest on serpentine soils, on gentle slope, 695 m elevation, 15°41’13”N 120°02’54”E, 19-Apr-2011. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Zambales, PALAWAN. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11).
4. Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon, Cat. Pl. Ceylon. (1824) 21; --Verhoeven et al., Grana 42 (2003) 73; --Asclepias tenacissima Roxb., Pl. Coromandel 3 (1815) 35. Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. LUZON: Pangasinan.
   
5. Marsdenia tinctoria R.Br., Mem. Wern. Soc. 1 (1809) 30; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 354; --Lu et al., Fl. Taiwan, ed. 2, 4 (1998) 237. Tropical Africa and Asia. BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PANAY. Low and medium elevation primary and secondary forests.  
6. Marsdenia volubilis (L.f.) Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2 (1904) 166; --Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth. ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 4 (1883) 46; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 354; --Lu et al., Fl. Taiwan ed. 2 (1998) 227; --Wattakaka volubilis (L.f.) Stapf, Bot. Mag. 149 (1923) t. 8976; --Hatusima, Mem. Fac. Agr. Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 46; --Asclepias volubilis L.f., Suppl. Pl. (1782) 170. Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicobar Isls, Pakistan, Peninsular Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. BATAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, LUBANG, LUZON: Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Mountain Province, Rizal, Zambales. Low elevation thickets, also along seashores and riverine forests.
7. Marsdenia warburgii Schltr. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 133; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 354; --Type: Warburg 15026. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Cotabato. Low elevation thickets.  

Melodinus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 26 April 2021

1. Melodinus cumingii A.DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 330; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 320; --Markgr., Blumea 19 (1971) 152; --Soejarto et al. (1995) Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 18 (2007) 276; --Type: Cuming 1831 (NY, lecto; BM, C, K, MO, P, isolecto), Luzon: ‘Manila’. --Melodinus cumingii var. apoensis (Elmer) Markgr., Blumea 19 (1971) 152; --Melodinus apoensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1459; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 320; --Type: Elmer 10793 (L, lecto; A, BISH, BM, E, G, GH, K, L, MO, NY, P, US, Z, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya. Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, LUZON: Quezon, MINDANAO: Davao, PALAWAN. Low to medium elevation forests, up to 1100m.
2. Melodinus fusiformis Champ. ex Benth. in Hook., J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 4 (1852) 332; --Soejarto et al. (1995) Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 278; --Type: from China. --Melodinus lanceolatus Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 52; EPFP 4 (1925) 254; --Markgr., Blumea 19 (1971) 153; --Type: Loher 15057 (lecto UC; K, M, iso), Luzon: Rizal. China, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. LUZON: Rizal. Photos
3. Melodinus orientalis Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 1026; --Markgr., Blumea 19 (1971) 154; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 279; --Type: from Java. --Melodinus ellipticifolius (Quisumb. & Merr.) Pichon, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris ii, 24 (1948) 128; --Markgr., Blumea 19 (1971) 153; --Willughbeia elliptifolia Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 194; --Type: Wenzel 2605 (UC, lecto; BR, G, GH, K, MO, Z, iso), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, Placer. Forest, c. 150m, May-1927. --Melodinus luzoniensis (Merr.) Pichon, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris ii, 24 (1948) 129; --Markgr., Blumea 19 (1971) 153; --Willughbeia luzoniensis Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 320; EPFP 3 (1923) 320; --Type: FB 12277 Curran (US, lecto), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Caramoan. --Melodinus globosus (Elmer) Pichon, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris ii, 24 (1948) 129; --Chilocarpus globosus Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1454; --Type: Elmer 12229 (L, lecto; BM, BO, E, G, MO, NY, US, Z, iso), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting. --Willughbeia pauciflora Merr., PJS 8 c (1913) Bot. 387; EPFP 3 (1923) 320; --Type: Wenzel 100 (BM, lecto; G, MO, US, iso), Leyte. Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Philippines. CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Forests at low and medium elevation. Photos
4. Melodinus philippinensis A.DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 330; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 320; --Markgr., Blumea 19 (1971) 152; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 281; --Type: Cuming 1574 (E, lecto; A, BM, C, G, G-DC, K, L, M, MO, NY, P, isolecto), Mindoro. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO, PANAY (photos). Probably from forests at low elevation. Photos

Micrechites Miq.

1. Micrechites serpyllifolius (Blume) Kosterm., Reinwardtia 5 (1960) 246; --Ichnocarpus serpyllifolius (Blume) P.I.Forst., Austral. Syst. Bot. 5 (1992) 539; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 39 (1994) 85; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 287; --Ficus serpyllifolia Blume, Bijdr. 1 (1825) 443; --Type: from Java. --Micrechites schrieckii (van Heurck & Muell.-Arg.) Rolfe, J. Bot. 23 (1885) 214; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 332; --Ecdysanthera schrieckii van Heurck & Muell.-Arg. in van Heurck, Observ. Bot. (1871) 191; --Type: Cuming 910 (AWH, holo; A, BM, CGE, E, G, K, L, M, MEL, MO, P, W, iso), Luzon. --Trachelospermum philippinense Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 488; --Type: Elmer 9135 (K, lecto; A, BO, E, G, MO, NY, W, Z, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban. Borneo, Java, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Philippines. BASILAN, CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao, Zamboanga, NEGROS, PALAWAN (photos). Forests at low and medium elevation. Photos

Neisosperma Raf. = Ochrosia

Ochrosia Juss.

1. Ochrosia ackeringae (Teysm. & Binn.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. 4 (1869) 138; --Markgr., Blumea 25 (1979) 238; --Hendrian, Blumea 49 (2004) 117; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 292; --Lactaria ackeringae Teysm. & Binn., Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 29 (1867) 249; --Type: from Sumatra, Bangka. --Ochrosia littoralis Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 315; EPFP 3 (1923) 330; --Type: FB 7754 Curran & Merritt (PNH, holo, lost), Luzon: Batangas, Malabrigo. Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Java, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Philippines. BABUYAN ISLS (DALUPIRI), LUZON: Batangas, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, MINDANAO: Cotabato, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIBUTU. Lowland thickets and forests, often along the seashore, also on limestone. Photos
2. Ochrosia apoensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1461; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 329; --Hendrian, Blumea 49 (2004) 109; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 294; --Neisosperma acuminata (Trimen ex Valeton) Fosb. & Sachet var. apoense (Elmer) Markgr., Blumea 25 (1979) 244; --Type: Elmer 10478 (L, lecto; A, NY, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao. Dense primary forest, 800-1200m.  
3. Ochrosia glomerata (Blume) Valeton, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 13, 2 (1895) 233; --Hendrian, Blumea 49 (2004) 112; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 297; --Neisosperma glomerata (Blume) Fosb. & Sachet, Addisonia sér. 2, 17 (1977) 29; --Markgr., Blumea 25 (1979) 246; --Pseudochrosia glomerata Blume, Mus. Bot. 1 (1850) 158; --Type: from Papua New Guinea. Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific, Sulawesi, Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Surigao, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. In forests at low and medium elevation, often common. Photos
4. Ochrosia oppositifolia (Lam.) K.Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 42 (1895) 156; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 330; --Hendrian, Blumea 49 (2004) 113; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 299; --Neisosperma oppositifolium (Lam.) Fosb. & Sachet, Adansonia sér. 2, 12 (1972) 629; --Markgr., Blumea 25 (1979) 243; --Cerbera oppositifolia Lam., Encycl. 1 (1783) 62; --Type: Rumphius, Herb. Amboin. 2 (1741) 255, t. 84. --Paralstonia platyphylla Merr. ex E.E.Schneid., Bull. Bur. Forest. Philipp. Isls 14 (1916) 204, nom. nud. Andaman Isls, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Indian Ocean, Java, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Forests along the seashore. 

Parameria Benth. & Hook.f. = Urceola

Parsonsia R.Br.

1. Parsonsia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabb., Taxon 26 (1977) 532; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 42 (1997) 196; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 313; --Periploca alboflavescens Dennst., Schlüssel Hortus Malab. (1818) 12, 23, 35; --Type: Illustration in Rheede, Hort. Malab. 9 (1689) t. 9. --Parsonsia confusa Merr., PJS 1 (1906) suppl. 118; EPFP 3 (1923) 338; --Echites spiralis Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 110; --Type: untraced; Merrill Species Blancoanae 1014 (A, neo; BM, BO, GH, K, L, MO, NY, P, US, W, isoneo), Luzon: Bataan, Lamao. --Parsonsia cumingiana A.DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 402; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 374; EPFP 3 (1923) 45; --Type: Cuming 1490 (G-DC, lecto; K, P, W, isolecto), Luzon: Manila. --Parsonsia oblancifolia Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 335; EPFP 3 (1923) 339; --Type: BS 4723 Ramos (K, lecto), Luzon: Zambales, Candelaria. --Parsonsia magnifolia Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3071; --Type: Elmer 17867 (NY, lecto), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Makiling. --Parsonsia oblongifolia Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 50; EPFP 4 (1925) 254; --Type: Loher 13477 (PNH, holo, lost; M, lecto), Luzon: Rizal, Montalban, (Mt) Paningtingan, Mar-1915. --Parsonsia aterinervia Elmer ex Merr., LPB 10 (1939) 3695; EPFP 3 (1923) 338, in obs.; --Type: Elmer 15707, Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan, Irosin. Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Peninsular Malaysia, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Phillippines. BABUYANES, BATANES, BUCAS GRANDE, CATANDUANES, DINAGAT, LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDORO, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Low and medium elevation thickets and secondary forests, also near the seashore. Photos
2. Parsonsia curvisepala K.Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 9 (1888) 215; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 42 (1997) 207; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 321; --Type: from Papua New Guinea. --Parsonsia apoensis (Elmer) Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 384; EPFP 3 (1923) 338; --Aganosma apoensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1445; --Type: Elmer 10540 (K, lecto; A, BISH, BM, BO, E, G, GH, L, MO, NY, P, U, US, W, WRSL, Z, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya. --Parsonsia urdanetensis Elmer ex Merr., LPB 10 (1939) 3696, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; EPFP 3 (1923) 338, nom. nud.; --Voucher: Elmer 13836 (A, BM, BO, GH, K, MO, NA, NY, US, W), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta. New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Philippines. CATANDUANES, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, NEGROS (photos). Low and medium elevation forests. Photos
3. Parsonsia philippinensis Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 310; EPFP 3 (1923) 339; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 42 (1997) 223; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 331; --Type: BS 34585 Ramos & Pascasio (K, lecto; P, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte. Borneo, Java, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines. MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte. Thickets or forests along streams at low elevation.

Petalonema Schltr. non Gilg = Quisumbingia

Quisumbingia Merr. = Sarcolobus

Rauvolfia L.

1. Rauvolfia amsoniifolia A.DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 338; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 329; --Markgr., Blumea 30 (1984) 162; --Hendrian & D.J.Middleton, Blumea 44 (1999) 451; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 348; --Type: Cuming 1249 (G, lecto; BM, FR, G-DC, K, L, P, iso), Luzon: Cagayan. Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Sulawesi, Philippines. LUBANG, LUZON: Albay, Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, MINDORO, POLILLO. Open areas, scrub, thickets, secondary forests, sometimes also along edge of coconut plantations, 0-500(-750)m.  
2. Rauvolfia sumatrana Jack, Mal. Misc. 1, 5 (1820) 22; --Markgr., Blumea 30 (1984) 167; --Hendrian & D.J.Middleton, Blumea 44 (1999) 462; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 356; --Type: Untraced, neotype from W Sumatra. --Rauvolfia samarensis Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 316; EPFP 3 (1923) 329; --Markgr., Blumea 30 (1984) 165; --Type: Merrill 5233 (L, lecto; BO, P, US, iso), Samar. --Rauvolfia palawanensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1462; --Type: Elmer 12591 (BM, lecto; A, BISH, G, GH, L, NY, P, U, US, iso), Palawan. Andaman Isls, Borneo, China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Peninsular Malaysia, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAL, SAMAR. Usually In relatively open areas, scrub, secondary forests, coastal forests, etc. although also recorded from primary lowland (dipterocarp, limestone) and montane forests. Mostly from 0-100m, recorded to as high as 1600m in certain parts of Malesia. Photos
3. Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill., Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 1 (1888) 768; --Markgr., Blumea 30 (1984) 160; --Hendrian & D.J.Middleton, Blumea 44 (1999) 464; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 358; --Dissolena verticillata Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 137; --Type: from Canton, China. --Rauvolfia membranacea Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 449; EPFP 3 (1923) 329; --Type: BS 33214 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost; K, lecto; A, BM, BO, L, P, iso), Luzon: Ilocos Norte. --Rauvolfia loheri Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 50; EPFP 4 (1925) 254; --Type: Loher 12500 (PNH, holo, lost; K, lecto; M, UC, iso), Luzon: Rizal, Montalban. Jun-1909. Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. CEBU (photos), LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Ilocos Norte,  Rizal. In open areas, lowland and montane rainforests. Photos

Rauwolfia Plumier = Rauvolfia

Rhynchodia Benth. = Chonemorpha

Sarcolobus R.Br.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 June 2021

1. Sarcolobus carinatus Wall., As. Res. 7 (1816) 570; --Barcelona et al., PJS 142 (2013) 62. Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Thailand, Philippines. LUZON: Aurora. In mangrove. Photos
2. Sarcolobus globosus Wall., As. Res. 12 (1818) 568.
   
   • ssp. peregrinus (Blanco) Rintz, Blumea 26 (1980) 76; --Sarcolobus peregrinus (Blanco) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 564; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 345; --Asclepias peregrina Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 207. Borneo, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Vietnam, Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Tayabas, MINDANAO, PALAWAN. Tidal streams along edge of mangroves. 
3. Sarcolobus luzonensis (Warb.) P.I.Forst., Austral. Syst. Bot. 6 (1993) 352; --Dorystephania luzonensis Warb. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 123; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 345. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Isabela, Quezon, Rizal. Low elevation streams subjected to periodic flashfloods, associated with Homonoia riparia and similar types of stenophyllous rheophytes, growing in crevices of rock ledges and boulders. Photos
4. Sarcolobus merrillii (Schltr.) Omlor, Gen. Revis. Marsdenieae (1998) 135; --Quisumbingia merrillii (Schltr.) Merr., PJS 60 (1936) 33; --Petalonema merrillii Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 544; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 356; --Schlechterianthus merrillii (Schltr.) Quisumb., PJS 41 (1930) 343. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Thickets about limestone cliffs, 1200-1600m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11, as Quisumbingia merrillii).

Sarcostemma R.Br. = Cynanchum

Schlechterianthus Quisumb. = Quisumbingia

Secamone R.Br.

1. Secamone elliptica R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland (1810) 464; --Type: from Australia. --Secamone attenuata Decne. in DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 501; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 342; --Type: Cuming 1536 (P, lecto; BM, E, G, K, MO, UPS, isolecto), Philippines. Australia, Cambodia, China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Peninsular Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. LUZON: Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO, ROMBLON. Thickets at low and medium elevation, ascending to 1000m. Photos
2. Secamone maritima Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 16 (1825) 1050; --Klackenberg, Blumea 55 (2010) 240; --Type from Java. Borneo, Java, Philippines.
3. Secamone multiflora Decne. in DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 501; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 342; --Klackenberg, Kew Bull. 47 (1992) 601; --Type: Cuming 1284 (P, lecto; BM, E, G, GOET, K, L, MO, UPS, W). Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON.
   
4. Secamone urdanetensis Elmer ex Tsiang, Sunyatsenia 4 (1939) 59; --Klackenberg, Kew Bull. 47 (1992) 610; --Blumea 51 (2006) 589; --Type: Elmer 13585 (BO, holo; L, NY, Z), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Mt Urdaneta. Aug-1912. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO. Not Secamone (Klackenberg 1992).

Streptocaulon Wight & Arn.

1. Streptocaulon cumingii (Turcz.) Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 132; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 340; --Triplolepis cumingii Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 21(1) (1848) 251; --Type: Cuming 1025 (MW?), Luzon: Pangasinan. --Streptocaulon corymbosum (Elmer) Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3594; --Anodendron corymbosum Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 512; --Type: Elmer 8468 (PNH, holo, lost?; G, K, iso), Luzon. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, CEBU. Thickets and forests at low and medium elevation.
2. Streptocaulon juventas (Lour.) Merr., Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, 24 (1935) 315; --Apocynum juventas Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1 (1790) 167. Cambodia, China Laos, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. SAMAR. Note by P.B. Pelser (13-Aug-20): Presence in the Philippines is based on PPI 7521 Reynoso, Sagcal & Garcia (L).
   
3. Streptocaulon wallichii Wight, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 65; --Type: Not from the Philippines. --Streptocaulon baumii Decne. in DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 496; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 377; EPFP 3 (1923) 340; --Type: Baum & Perrottet (P, holo, lost?), "Manilla"; Baum 1832/02/08 (P, neo, possibly holo). Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. CULION, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Bulacan, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Thickets and secondary forests at low elevation. Common. Photos

Strophanthus DC.

1. Strophanthus caudatus (L.) Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2 (1877) 192; J. As. Soc. Beng. 46, 2 (1877) 257; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 362; --Echites caudatus L., Mant. Pl. 1 (1767) 52; --Type: from Java. --Strophanthus cumingii A.DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 418; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 374; EPFP 3 (1923) 336; --Type: Cuming 1218 (G, lecto; L, NY, P, isolecto), Luzon: Manila. --Strophanthus dichotomus var. luzoniensis S.Vidal, Sinopsis Gen. Pl. Leños. Filip. (1883) 1181; --Type: Illustration t. 67 in Vidal, Sinopsis Gen. Pl. Leños. Filip. (1883). --Strophanthus erectus Merr., PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 261; --Type: Merrill 695 (NY, lecto; K, US, isolecto), Palawan: Puerto Princesa. --Strophanthus letei Merr., PJS 29 (1926) 484; --Type: Lete 263 (K, lecto), Luzon: La Union, San Fernando. Andaman Isls, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, La Union, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Thickets and forests at low and medium elevation. Photos
2. Strophanthus singaporianus (Wall. ex G.Don) Gilg in Engl., Monog. Afr. Pfl. 7 (1903) 11; --Cercocoma singaporiana Wall. ex G.Don, Gen. Hist. 7 (1837) 83; --Type: from Singapore. Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines. PALAWAN (Narra; Ridsdale 1715).
   

Tabernaemontana L.

1. Tabernaemontana cordata Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 337; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 324; --Leeuwenberg, Rev. Tabernaemontana 1 (1991) 136; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 375; --Ervatamia cordata (Merr.) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 548; --Type: Weber 1125 (G, lecto; A, E, F, K, NSW, isolecto), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran, in clearings, c. 15m, Apr-1911. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan, Surigao. Low elevation thickets, old clearings, etc. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11). Photos
2. Tabernaemontana macrocarpa Jack, Malay. Misc. 2, 7 (1822) 80; --Leeuwenberg, Rev. Tabernaemontana 1 (1991) 165; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 379; --Pagiantha macrocarpa (Jack) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 546; --Ervatamia macrocarpa (Jack) Merr., J. Arnold Arb. 33 (1952) 246; --Type: from Sumatra. --Pagiantha megacarpa (Merr.) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 546; --Tabernaemontana megacarpa Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 318; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 324; --Type: RS Williams 2179 (NY, lecto; GH, K, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax River. --Tabernaemontana plumeriifolia (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 326; --Ervatamia plumeriifolia (Elmer) Pichon, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 27 (1949) 220; --Pagiantha plumeriifolia (Elmer) Markgr., Mitt. Bot. Staatsamml. München 1 (1950) 29; --Voacanga plumeriifolia Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 333; --Type: Elmer 7502 (G, lecto; A, BO, E, K, L, Z, isolecto), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban. Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Thailand, Philippines. BASILAN, LUZON: Camarines, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Lanao, Misamis, Zamboanga, PALAWAN, POLILLO. Low and medium elevation primary and secondary forests. Photos
3. Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir. in Lam., Encycl. 7 (1806) 529; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 371; EPFP 3 (1923) 325; --Leeuwenberg, Rev. Tabernaemontana 1 (1991) 169; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 18 (2007) 380; --Pagiantha pandacaqui (Poir.) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 546; --Ervatamia  pandacaqui (Elmer) Pichon, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 27 (1949) 220; --Type: Sonnerat s.n. (P-LA, lecto; P, isolecto), Luzon: near Manila. --Tabernaemontana biflora Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1463; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 323; --Ervatamia biflora (Elmer) Pichon, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 27 (1949) 220; --Type: Elmer 10657 (G, lecto; A, BISH, BM, BO, E, HBG, K, L, MO, NY, US, W, Z, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya. --Tabernaemontana brachybotrys Merr., PJS 29 (1926) 483; --Ervatamia brachybotrys (Merr) Pichon, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 27 (1949) 220; --Type: BS 43257 Ramos (K, lecto; A, BO, G, P, UC, US, iso), Bohol. --Tabernaemontana caudata Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 316; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 324; --Ervatamia merrilliana Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 548; --Type: FB 14025 (US, lecto; NSW, iso), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Mt Bulangao. --Tabernaemontana congestiflora Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1464; --Type: Elmer 12564 (F, lecto; A, BO, E, G, K, L, NY, P, US, W, Z, iso), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting, Magallanes (Magdiwang). --Tabernaemontana cumingiana A.DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 373; --Ervatamia cumingiana (A.DC.) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 547; --Type: Cuming 604 (G-DC, lecto; A, BM, CGE, E, K, L, M, MO, NY, P, W, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Calawang (Calauan). --Tabernaemontana ecarinata Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 450; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 324; --Type BS 33022 Ramos (K, lecto; P, US, iso), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, between Bangui and Claveria. --Tabernaemontana hexagona Merr., PJS 10 (1915) Bot. 66; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 324; --Ervatamia hexagona (Merr.) Pichon, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 27 (1949) 220; --Type: BS 21241 Escritor (K, lecto; US, iso), Panay: Capiz. --Tabernaemontana polygama Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 82; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 326; --Ervatamia polygama (Blanco) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 548; --Type: Untraced; Merrill Species Blancoanae 243 (K, neo; A, BM, BO, GH, L, MO, NY, P, W, WAG, iso), Luzon: Rizal, near Mandaloyon (Mandaluyong). --Tabernaemontana laurifolia Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 114, nom. illeg., auct. non L.; --Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 266 (L, neo; A, BM, BO, F, K, MO, NSW, NY, P, W, isoneo), Luzon: Bulacan, Angat. --Tabernaemontana linearifolia Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 317; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 324; --Ervatamia linearifolia (Merr.) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 548; --Type: FB 10945 Curran (K, lecto; US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Mankayan. --Tabernaemontana mindanaensis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 67; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 324; --Type: BS 14930 Tarrosa & Almagro (PNH, holo, lost), Mindanao: Sultan Kudarat, Kraan; BS 11653 Robinson (E, neo; BO, F, iso), Mindanao: North Cotabato, Reina Regente. --Ervatamia mindorensis (Merr.) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 548; --Tabernaemontana mindorensis Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 434; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 325; --Type: BS 39577 (NY, lecto; A, BO, K, iso), Mindoro: Mindoro Occidental, Paluan. --Tabernaemontana mucronata Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 318; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 325; --Ervatamia mucronata (Merr.) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 548; --Type: FB 304 Gammill (NY, lecto; BM, K, US, iso), Guimaras: Guimaras, Nagaba. --Pagiantha oligantha (Merr.) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 546; --Ervatamia oligantha (Merr.) Pichon, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 27 (1949) 220; --Tabernaemontana oligantha Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 68; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 325; --Type: Merrill Philipp. Pl. 1621 (leg. Ramos) (L, lecto; BM, BO, G, GH, MO, NSW, NY, P, PNH, SING, US, WAG, iso), Samar: Cauayan Valley. --Tabernaemontana puberula Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 319; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 371; --Type: Merrill 2746 (US, lecto; BM, iso), Luzon: Rizal. --Tabernaemontana semperflorens Perr., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 3 (1824) 147; --Type: Perrottet s.n. (G, lecto; L, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga. --Pagiantha subglobosa (Merr.) Markgr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12 (1935) 547; --Ervatamia subglobosa (Merr.) Pichon, Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 27 (1949) 220; --Tabernaemontana subglobosa Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 242; Fl. Manila (1912) 371; EPFP 3 (1923) 326; --Type: Merrill 2511 (NY, lecto; GH, MO, SING, US, iso), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, Lamao River. Australia, Borneo, China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific, Peninsular Malaysia, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines. In the Philippines common in most islands and provinces. Photos
4. Tabernaemontana rostrata Wall., Bot. Reg. 15 (1829) t. 1273; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 388; --Type: from Myanmar. --Ervatamia calyculata Markgr., Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 1 (1950) 27. --Tabernaemontana cylindrocarpa (King & Gamble) Merr., Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 20 (1935) 107; --Ervatamia cylindrocarpa King & Gamble, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 74 (1908) 452; --Type: from Peninsular Malaysia. Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, Laos, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Rizal.
   
5. Tabernaemontana ternifolia D.J.Middleton, Harvard Pap. Bot. 9 (2005) 387; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 389; --Type: SMHI 215 Ridsdale (L, holo; PNH, iso), Palawan: Palawan, Puerto Princesa, Mt Beaufort, west spur, 815m. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Stunted montane rainforest and open disturbed areas, 815-1500m.  

Cultivated, not naturalized: 

1. Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roemer & Schultes, Syst. 4 (1819) 427; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 371; EPFP 3 (1923) 324; --Leeuwenberg, Rev. Tabernaemontana 1 (1991) 153; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 378; --Nerium divaricatum L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 209; --Ervatamia divaricata (L.) Burkill, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 10 (1925) 320; --Type: from a cultivated plant from Sri Lanka. Native of tropical Asia, now pantropic in cultivation. Photos

Telosma Coville

1. Telosma angustiloba (Warb.) Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 243; EPFP 3 (1923) 355; --Pergularia angustiloba Warb., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. 1 (1904) 134; --Type: Cuming 1334, Luzon: Cagayan. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan.
   
2. Telosma filipes (Schltr.) Rahman & Wilcock, Blumea 34 (1990) 519; --Pergularia filipes Schltr. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 135; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 356, under synonymy of Telosma procumbens; --Type: Warburg 13767, Luzon: Pampanga, Mt Arayat. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Pampanga, NEGROS. Also considered a synonym of Telosma procumbens.
3. Telosma procumbens (Blanco) Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 243; Fl. Manila (1912) 379; EPFP 3 (1923) 356; --Pergularia procumbens Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 201. --Telosma accedens auct. non (Blume) Backer; --Meve et al., Syst. Geogr Pl. 7 (2002) 31; --Verhoeven et al., Grana 42 (2003) 73; --Meve & Liede, Taxon 53 (2004) 63. China, Vietnam, Philippines. BASILAN, BILIRAN, CUYO, LEYTE, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Sorsogon, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Thickets and forests at low elevation. Photos

Cultivated, not naturalized:

1. Telosma cordata (Burm.f.) Merr., PJS 19 (1921) 372; EPFP 3 (1923) 355; --Asclepias cordata Burm.f., Fl. Indica (1768) 72. --Telosma odoratissima (Lour.) Coville, Contr. US Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 384; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 379; --Cynanchum odoratissimum Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 166. Not native to Philippines. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Thevetia L. = Cascabela p.p.

Toxocarpus Wight & Arn.

1. Toxocarpus batanensis Hatusima, Mem. Fac. Agr. Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 46; --Type: Hatusima 28634. --?Ichnocarpus volubilis (Lour.) sensu Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 336, excluding cited plants from Batan. Endemic to the Philippines. BATAN. A frequent climber in littoral thickets. According to Hatusima (l.c.)  “This may be a species from Batan Islands identified by E.D. Merrill…with Ichnocarpus volubilis Merr. …somewhat resembles T. rubricaulis Elmer from Luzon, but differs from it by its much broader leaves with fewer lateral nerves and reticulated undersurfaces, and its larger follicles”. 
2. Toxocarpus glaucus Decne. in DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 505; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 343; --Type: Cuming 1571. --Toxocarpus gracilis Decne. in DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 506; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 343; --Type: Cuming 1559, Mindoro. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON; Ilocos Norte, Tayabas, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Low elevation forests or thickets.  
3. Toxocarpus loheri Schltr. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 122; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 343; --Type: Loher 4032. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Laguna, Rizal. Low and medium elevation forests.  
4. Toxocarpus merrillii Schltr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 295; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 343; --Type: Merrill 2810. Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, Rizal. Low elevation secondary forests.  
5. Toxocarpus rubricaulis Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3075; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 343; --P.I.Forst. & Liddle, Austral. Syst. Bot. 7 (1994) 516; --Type: Elmer 18297 (BO, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Makiling, Jun/Jul-1917. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna. Low elevation secondary forests. 

Trachelospermum Lem.

1. Trachelospermum vanoverberghii Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 96; EPFP 3 (1923) Bot. 333; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 394; --Type: Vanoverbergh 1230 (P, lecto), Luzon: Mountain Province. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Rizal. Thickets and forested ravines, 800-1600m. 

Tylophora R.Br. = Vincetoxicum

Urceola Roxb.

1. Urceola brachysepala Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 3 (1882) 659; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 41 (1996) 84; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 396; --Type: from Peninsular Malaysia. --Carruthersia imberbis Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 588; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 332; --Type: Elmer 9239 (K, lecto; BM, BO, E, L, MO, NSW, NY, US Z, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, May-1907. --Chavannesia philippinensis (Merr.) Pichon, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris sér. 2, 20 (1948) 302; --Urceola philippinensis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 69; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 332; --Type: Clemens 1098 (M, lecto; BO, GH, iso), Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Camp Keithley. Borneo, Java, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE, LEYTE, LUZON: Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Camarines Norte, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Surigao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. In a wide variety of habitats from cliffs to primary forest or swamp forest to 1000m.
2. Urceola laevigata (Juss.) D.J.Middleton & Livsh., Taxon 67 (2018) 356; --Parameria laevigata (Juss.) Moldenke, Rev. Sudamer. Bot. 6 (1940) 176; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 41 (1996) 76; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 305; --Aegiphila laevigata Juss., Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 7 (1806) 76; --Type: de Jussieu Herbarium, Catalogue number 5037 (P, holo). --Parameria barbata (Blume) K.Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4, 2 (1895) 162; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 331; --Parsonsia barbata Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 1042; --Type: from Java. --Echites torosus Llanos, Fragm. Pl. Philipp. (1851) 59, nom. illeg., auct. non Jacq.; --Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 140 (US, neo; A, BM. BO, K, L, MO, P, W, iso). --Parameria glandulifera (Wall. ex  G.Don) Benth. ex Kurz var. philippinensis (Radlk.) Stapf, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 4 (1894) 207; --Parameria philippinensis Radlk., Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer Akad. Wiss. München 14 (1884) 518; --Type: Cuming 1126 (M, lecto; AWH, BM, C, CGE, E, FR, G, K, L, MEL, MO, NY, P, UPS, W, iso). --Parameria vulneraria Radlk., Sitzungsber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer Akad. Wiss. München 14 (1884) 519; --Type: Rothdauscher 1025 (M, lecto), Cebu, this now consisting of nothing more than branchlets; --Epitype: Rothdauscher 1029 (M, lecto), Cebu. Andaman Isls, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. CEBU, CULION, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Pampanga, Rizal, Zambales, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. In primary and secondary forests and thickets in the more seasonal parts of the archipelago, generally at low elevation. Photos
3. Urceola laevis (Elmer) Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 69; EPFP 3 (1923) 332; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 41 (1996) 91; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 401; --Carruthersia laevis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1449; --Type: Elmer 12837 (Z, lecto; BISH, BM, BO, BP, E, L, MICH, MO, NA, NSW, NY, P, isolecto), Palawan: Palawan, Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar (Thumb Peak). Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines. PALAWAN. Forests to 1500m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11).

Possibly present:

1. Urceola polyneura (Hook.f.) D.J.Middleton & Livsh., Taxon 67 (2018) 356; --Parameria polyneura Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 3 (1882) 660; --Type: from Peninsula Malaysia. Borneo, India, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand, ?Philippines. ?PALAWAN. Not listed for the Philippines by Livschultz et al. (2018), but Soejarto & Fernando 7284 (L) possibly represents this species in the Philippines.

Vincetoxicum Wolf

1. Vincetoxicum angustifolium (Schltr.) Meve & Liede, Phytotaxa 369 (2018) 132; --Tylophora angustifolia Schltr. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 124; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 345; --Type: O. Warburg 12656 (B, holo, lost), Luzon: Montalban; C.E. Ridsdale 1556 (K, neo), Luzon: Zambales, Sta. Cruz, Acoje mine concession area, 26-May-1986. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Lepanto, Rizal, Zambales. Thickets at low and medium elevation.  
2. Vincetoxicum brevipes (Turcz.) Meve & Liede, Phytotaxa 369 (2018) 135; --Tylophora brevipes (Turcz.) Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 134; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 345; --Amblyoglossum brevipes Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 25(2) (1852) 311; --Type: Cuming 1431 (KW, holo; C, E, P, iso), Luzon: Batangas. --Tylophora hybostemma Warb. in Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 125; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 346; --Type: Warburg 13770 (B, holo, lost), Luzon: Zambales. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Zambales, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Thickets at low elevation. 
3. Vincetoxicum carnosum (R.Br.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 4 (1868) 331; --Liede-Schumann & Meve, Phytotaxa 369 (2018) 137; --Ischnostemma carnosum (R.Br.) Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 3 c (1908) Bot. 121; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 378; EPFP 3 (1923) 342; --Type: from Australia. Australia, Cambodia, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, La Union, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao. Thickets near the seashore. 
   
4. Vincetoxicum clemensiae (Schltr.) Meve & Liede, Phytotaxa 369 (2018) 138; --Tylophora clemensiae Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 562; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 346; --Type: M. Strong-Clemens 529 (GH, lecto), Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Camp Keithley, Lake Lanao, Mar-1906. Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. Thickets at low and medium elevation.
5. Vincetoxicum elmeri (Schltr.) Meve & Liede, Phytotaxa 369 (2018) 142; --Tylophora elmeri Schltr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 296; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 346; --P.I.Forst. & Liddle, Austral. Syst. Bot. 7 (1994) 515; --Type: Elmer 5980 (US, lecto; BO, K, L, NY, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1904. --Tylophora ramosii Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 563; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 347; --Type: BS 7700 Ramos (US, lecto), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Mar-1909. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province. Up to c. 1300m.
6. Vincetoxicum flexuosum (R.Br.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 424. Photos
   
   • var. perrottetianum (Decne.) Schneidt, Meve & Liede, Phytotaxa 369 (2018) 144; --Vincetoxicum perrottetianum (Decne.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 425; --Tylophora perrottetiana Decne. in DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 609; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 346; --Type: G.S. Perrottet s.n. (P, lecto; P, isolecto), Manila, 1819. --Tylophora bifida Fern.-Vill. -- Nov. App. (1880) 134; --Oxystelma bifidum Llanos, Fragm. Pl. Filip. (1851) 64; --Type: Llanos s.n. --Tylophora exilis Schltr. in Schltr. & Warburg, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 125, nom. illeg., auct. non Colebrook; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 346; --Type: Warburg 13551 (B, holo), Luzon: Marivelos. --Tylophora luzonica Schltr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 296; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 346; --Type: Elmer 5585 (NY, lecto; K, iso), Luzon: La Union, Bauang, Feb-1904. --Tylophora merrillii Schltr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 297; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 379; --Type: Merrill 3648 (K, lecto; FR, K, NY, US, isolecto), Luzon: Rizal, Caloocan, roadside thickets near sea-level, Nov-1903. --Tylophora rizalensis Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 563; --Type: BS 12532 Ramos (L, lecto; BO, K, US, isolecto), Luzon:  Rizal, Nov/Dec-1910. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, La Union, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, PALAWAN. Thickets, ascending to 1200m.
7. Vincetoxicum glaucirameum (Schltr.) Schneidt, Meve & Liede, Phytotaxa 369 (2018) 146; --Tylophora glauciramea Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 562; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 346; --Type: Merrill 4165 (K, lecto), Banton Isl, Jul-1905. --Tylophora tonsa Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 564; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 347; --Type: Merrill 7187 (K, lecto; G, K, L, LD, MO, S, US, isolecto), Lumbucan (in Sulu Sea), thickets behind sandy beach, Sep-1919. Endemic to the Philippines. BANTON, CATANDUANES, LUMBUCAN, LUZON: Tayabas, PALAWAN, PANAY, ROMBLON, SEMIRARA. Thickets along the seashore.
8. Vincetoxicum hirsutum (Wall.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 424; --Gymnema hirsutum Wall., Tent. Fl. Napal. 2 (1826) 50; --Type: from Nepal. --Tylophora hispida Decne., in DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 610; --Hatusima, Mem. Fac. Agr. Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 46; --Type: from China. China, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Philippines. BATAN: Mt Iraya, E slope. Open thicket, 100m. Locally rare.
   
9. Vincetoxicum lancilimbum (Merr.) Meve & Liede, Phytotaxa 369 (2018) 154; --Tylophora lancilimba Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 53; EPFP 4 (1925) 254; --Type: Loher 14834 (PNH, holo, ?lost), Luzon: Rizal, Aug-1914. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal.
10. Vincetoxicum philippicum Meve, Omlor & Liede, Phytotaxa 369 (2018) 146; --Tylophora parviflora (Merr.) Meve, Omlor & Liede, Syst. Geogr. Pl. 72 (2002) 28; --Telosma parviflora Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 312; EPFP 3 (1923) 355; --Type: Ramos & Pascasio BS 35011 (K, lecto), Siargao, May-1919. --Telosma crispipetala Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3595, nom. inval. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, MINDORO, SIARGAO. Low elevation forests. Photos
11. Vincetoxicum setosum (Schltr.) Meve & Liede, Phytotaxa 369 (2018) 161; --Tylophora setosa Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13 (1915) 563; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 347; --P.I.Forst. & Liddle, Austral. Syst. Bot. 7 (1994) 517; --Type: Elmer 11962 (E, lecto; BISH, BO, HBG, L, NY), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, scandent upon small trees of humid forests at 4500ft on the Talon side of the  mountain range, Oct-1909. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao. Forests or thickets, c. 1370m.
12. Vincetoxicum villosum (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 425; --Tylophora villosa Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 16 (1826) 1061; --Type: from Java. Java, Philippines. LUZON: Pangasinan, Sorsogon, Zambales (photos), PALAWAN (photos). Photos

Insufficiently known species:

1. Vincetoxicum joloensis (Schltr.) ined.; --Tylophora joloensis Schltr. in Schltr. & Warburg, Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 126; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 346; --Liede-Schumann & Meve, Phytotaxa 369 (2018) 169; --Type: Warburg 14956 (B, holo, lost), Jolo. Endemic to the Philippines. JOLO. Probably in thickets at low elevation.
2. Vincetoxicum whitfordii (Schltr.) ined.; --Tylophora whitfordii Schltr., PJS 1 (1906) Suppl. 297; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 347; --Liede-Schumann & Meve, Phytotaxa 369 (2018) 170; --Type: Whitford 898, Luzon: Quezon, Gumaca, Sep-1904. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Nipa tidal stream. Not distinct from T. perrottetiana (Merrill 1923)?

Voacanga Thouars

1. Voacanga foetida (Blume) Rolfe, J. Bot. London 21 (1883) 202; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 413; --Orchipeda foetida Blume, Bijdr. (1826) 1027; --Type: from Java. Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Philippines. LUZON: Isabela, Zambales. Photos
2. Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 319; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 326; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 413; --Tabernaemontana globosa Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 116; Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 83; --Type: Untraced; Merrill Species Blancoanae 462 (W, neo; BM, BO, F, K, L, MO, NY, P, US, isoneo), Luzon: Laguna, Los Baños. --Voacanga cumingiana Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1884) 313; --Type: Cuming 1806 (K, lecto; BM, W, isolecto), Negros. --Voacanga dolichocalyx Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 192; --Type: BS 45264 Ramos & Edaño (NY, lecto; K, US, isolecto), Luzon: Aurora, Casiguran. --Voacanga latifolia Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 193; --Type: BS 47070 Ramos & Edaño (A, lecto; NY, UC, isolecto), Luzon: Isabela, San Mariano. Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, CEBU, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON, MASBATE, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Common in secondary and primary forests, to 300m. Photos
3. Voacanga grandifolia (Miq.) Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 21 (1883) 202; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 415; --Pootia grandifolia Miq., Verslagen Meded. Afd. Natuurk. Kon. Akad. Wetensch. 6 (1857) 193; --Type: from Java. Australia, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Sulawesi, Philippines. MINDANAO.
4. Voacanga megacarpa Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) 336; EPFP 3 (1923) 327; --D.J.Middleton, Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 18 (2007) 420; --Type: BS 12343 Foxworthy; Whitford 829 (US, neo; P, isoneo), Luzon: Quezon. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines, Quezon, Sorsogon. Low elevation secondary forests, along streams. Photos 

Willughbeia Roxb.

1. Willughbeia anomala Markgr., Blumea 20 (1972) 415; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 38 (1993) 7; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 18 (2007) 424; --Type: from Brunei. Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO. 
2. Willughbeia sarawacensis (Pierre) K.Schum. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 2 (1900) 53; --Markgr., Blumea 20 (1972) 413; --D.J.Middleton, Blumea 38 (1993) 17; Fl. Males. Ser. 1, 18 (2007) 434; --Ancylocladus sarawacensis Pierre, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris sér. 2, 1 (1898) 96; --Type: from Sarawak. Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11).

Wrightia R.Br.

1. Wrightia candollei S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming, Philipp. (1885) 186, as ‘cadollei’; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 337; --D.J.Middleton, Harvard Pap. Bot. 10 (2005) 162; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 437; --Wrightia pubescens R.Br. subsp. candollei (S.Vidal) Ngan, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52 (1965) 153; --Type: Cuming 1453 (P, lecto; BM, CGE, K, isolecto), Luzon: ‘Manila’. Endemic to the Philippines. LANGEN, LUZON: Benguet, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Mixed evergreen or deciduous low elevation forests and secondary growth. Photos
2. Wrightia hanleyi Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1465; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 337; --Ngan, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52 (1965) 168; --D.J.Middleton, Harvard Pap. Bot. 10 (2005) 166; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 440; --Type: Elmer 12873 (GH, lecto; A, BISH, BO, E, F, K, L, MO, NSW, NY, US, Z, isolecto), Palawan: Mt Pulgar (Thumb Peak), Mar-1911. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Clearings, thickets and open forests, low elevation. Conservation status: Other Threatened Species (DAO 2017-11). Photos
3. Wrightia laevis Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 3 (1882) 654; --Ngan, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52 (1965) 136; --D.J.Middleton, Harvard Pap. Bot. 10 (2005) 168; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 440; --Type: from Peninsular Malaysia. --Wrightia sorsogonensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3698, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; based on Elmer 15595 (A, BM, BO, C, GH, K, L, MO, NSW, NY, P, PNH, S, Z), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan, Irosin. Australia, Bismarck Arch, Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon.
4. Wrightia palawanensis D.J.Middleton, Harvard Pap. Bot. 10 (2005) 172; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 442; --Type: SMHI 698 Podzorski (A, holo; BO, BRI, KEP, L, iso), Palawan: Irawan Valley head on the lower slopes of Mt Beaufort. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Riverine and mixed forests and from ultramafic soils, 100-200m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11).
5. Wrightia pubescens R.Br., Prodr. (1810) 467; --Ngan, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52 (1965) 150; --D.J.Middleton, Harvard Pap. Bot. 10 (2005) 172; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 443; --Type: from Northern Territories, Australia. --Wrightia calycina A.DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 406; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 337; --Type: from Timor. Australia, Cambodia, China, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. BILIRAN, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Pampanga, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Davao, Lanao, PALAWAN, PANAY, NEGROS. Low elevation thickets and forests.
   
   • ssp. laniti (Blanco) Ngan, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52 (1965) 153; --D.J.Middleton, Harvard Pap. Bot. 10 (2005) 176; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 444; --Wrightia laniti (Blanco) Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philipp.) 27 (1905) 59; Fl. Manila (1912) 373; EPFP 3 (1923) 337; --Anasser laniti Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 112; --Type: Untraced; PNH 22879 Sulit (A, neo; L, isoneo), Luzon: Laguna, Makiling National Park. --Wrightia ovata A.DC., Prodr. 8 (1844) 405; --Type: Cuming 1279 (G, lecto; P, isolecto), Luzon: “Manila”. Cambodia, China, Java, Laos, Peninsular Malaysia, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines. CULION, LUZON: Cagayan, Laguna, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Common in thickets and secondary forests at low elevation. Photos
6. Wrightia religiosa (Teijsm. & Binn.) Benth. ex Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 46, 2 (1877) 258; --Ngan, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52 (1965) 159; --D.J.Middleton, Harvard Pap. Bot. 10 (2005) 179; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 18 (2007) 446; --Echites religiosus Teijsm. & Binn., Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 27 (1864) 34; --Type: Untraced; neotype from Thailand. Cambodia, China, Laos, Moluccas, Myanmar, ?Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, ?Philippines. Natural distribution is obscure owing to wide cultivation. Widely cultivated in many parts of Malesia.
   

1. Wrightia aff. dubia (Sims) Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 1 (1825) 638; --Soejarto et al. (1995) Prelim. Checklist Fl. Pl. Palawan. Philippines. PALAWAN (Tacdua Zigzag, Bacungan: hills above Nagtabon beach, Narra: Calatigas Purok Dumpsite, Balanjao Range: Rio Tuba).

1. Wrightia antidysenterica (L.) R.Br., Asclepiadeae (1810) 63; --Nerium antidysentericum L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 209. Native to Sri Lanka. Photos

Possibly present:

1. Cryptolepis sinensis (Lour.) Merr., PJS 15 (1919) 254; --Pergularia sinensis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1 (1790) 169; --Type: from China. Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, ?Philippines. Note by P.B. Pelser (19-Aug-20): Records of presence in the Philippines are possibly based on Cuming 818 (L) from the Mounts Banahaw-San Cristobal Ptotected Landscape, but specimens of this gathering have also been annotated as cf. Streptocaulon wallichii Wight (L2719024).

Cultivated, not naturalized:

1. Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 4 (1819) 411; --Nerium obesum Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. (1775) 205. Native to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Cultivated, not naturalized. Photos
2. Beaumontia murtonii Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914 (1914) 282; --Type: from Thailand. Cambodia, China, Laos, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam. Not native to the Philippines. Cultivated, not naturalized.
3. Cryptostegia grandiflora Roxb. ex R.Br., Bot. Reg. (1819) t. 435; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 376; EPFP 3 (1923) 340. Native of Madagascar, now pantropic in cultivation. Planted for ornamental purposes. Not naturalized.
4. Nerium oleander L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 209. --Nerium indicum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (1768) No. 2; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 372; EPFP 3 (1923) 336. Cultivated, not naturalized. Photos
5. Plumeria obtusa L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 210. Cultivated, not naturalized. Photos
6. Plumeria rubra L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 209. --Plumeria acuminata Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 2 (1811) 70; --Merr., EPFP 3 (1923) 321. Cultivated, not naturalized. Photos

John Michael M. Agcaoili, Andrea B. Agillon, Fernando B. Aurigue, Raab Bustamante, Derek Cabactulan, Elisabeth Carillo, John Paul Collantes, Miguel David De Leon, Marjorie Delos Angeles, Riza Herrera-Melicor, Ireneo L. Lit, Jr., Cristian C. Lucañas, John Clifton Mayer, Ulrich Meve, Benigno Resurreccion, Mark Gregory Q. Rule, Jorge R. Sahagun, Ravan Schneider, Wally Suarez, Danilo Tandang, Billy Tigbao and Leonardo Udasco kindly provided a number of photographs found on this webpage. Derek Cabactulan, Tatyana Livshultz and Ulrich Meve provided helpful feedback. John Paul Collantes brought names to our attention that were not included in a previous version of this checklist page.