Cyperaceae

Abildgaardia Vahl

1. Abildgaardia ovata (Burm.f.) Kral, Sida 4 (1971) 77; ≡ Fimbristylis ovata (Burm.f.) J.Kern, Blumea 15 (1967) 126; ≡ Carex ovata Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 194. = Fimbristylis monostachya (L.) Hassk., Pl. Jav. Rar. (Hasskarl) (1848) 61; ≡ Cyperus monostachyos L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 180. Distribution: Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Caribbean, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BILIRAN, BOAAN, BOHOL, CAGAYAN DE SULU, LUZON: Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao, Zamboanga del Sur, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: 0-1707m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Actinoschoenus Benth

1. Actinoschoenus aphyllus (Vahl) Larridon, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 196 (2021) 182; ≡ Schoenus aphyllus Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 209. = Actinoschoenus thouarsii (Kunth) Benth., Hooker's Icon. Pl. 14 (1881) t.1346; ≡ Fimbristylis thouarsii (Kunth) Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 127; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 591; ≡ Arthrostylis thouarsii Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 2 (1837) 284. Distribution: Africa, Australia, China, Indian Ocean, Indochina, Malesia, Philippines. BUSUANGA, CULION. Notes: 0-500(-2100)m. Native.

Actinoscirpus (Ohwi) R.W.Haines & Lye

1. Actinoscirpus grossus (L.f.) Goetgh. & D.A.Simpson, Kew Bull. 46 (1991) 171; ≡ Scirpus grossus L.f., Suppl. Pl. (1782) 104; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 498. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, PANAY. Notes: 0-850m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • var. grossus. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, NCR, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, PANAY. Native.

Bolboschoenus Palla

1. Bolboschoenus planiculmis (F.Schmidt) T.V.Egorova, Trudy Bot. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 1, Fl. Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 3 (1967) 20; ≡ Scirpus planiculmis F.Schmidt, Reis. Amur-Land., Bot. (1868) 190. ≠ Scirpus maritimus auct. non L.; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 499; Caton et al. (2010) 84. Distribution: China, Eurasia, India, Japan, Korea, Middle East, New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Laguna. Notes: 0-2500m. Native.

Bulbostylis Kunth

1. Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1893) 651; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 539; ≡ Scirpus barbatus Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl. (1773) 52. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union (photos), NCR, Pampanga, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: South Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: 0-2100m. Native.
   • ssp. barbata. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, NCR, Pampanga, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: South Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS. Native.
2. Bulbostylis densa (Wall.) Hand.-Mazz., Vegetationsbilder 20 (1930) 16; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 538; ≡ Scirpus densus Wall., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 231. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, MINDORO. Notes: (425-)1000-3000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • ssp. densa. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan, Mountain Province, Pampanga. Native.
3. Bulbostylis hispidula (Vahl) R.W.Haines, Sedges & Rushes E. Afr. App. 3 (1983) 1; ≡ Fimbristylis hispidula (Vahl) Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 2 (1837) 227; Kern, Reinwardtia 4 (1956) 95; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 560; ≡ Scirpus hispidulus Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 276. = Fimbristylis preslii Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 2 (1837) 228. Distribution: Africa, America, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, MINDORO. Notes: 425-500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • ssp. hispidula. Distribution: Africa, America, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Notes: Rare in Malesia. Native.

Carex L.

1. Carex alopecuroides D.Don, Philos. Mag. J. 62 (1823) 455; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 160. Distribution: China, India, Japan, Java, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Vietnam. Notes: 1500-2900m. Native.
2. Carex ascotreta C.B.Clarke ex Franch., Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., 3rd Sér. 9 (1897) 182. = Carex ligata var. formosensis (Lév. & Vaniot) Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (20) (1909) 474; ≡ Carex formosensis H.Lév. & Vaniot, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 35 (1905) 216; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 152. Distribution: China, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, Ilocos Norte. Notes: 1000-2400m. Native.
3. Carex baccans Nees, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 122; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 137. Distribution: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur. Notes: (600-)1000-3300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
4. Carex blinii H.Lév. & Vaniot, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 53 (1906) 316. Distribution: China, Korea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Native.
5. Carex breviculmis R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 242; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 150. Distribution: Afghanistan, Australia, Borneo, China, E Asia, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, New Zealand, Philippines, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, MINDORO. Notes: 1750-4200m. Native.
   • var. breviculmis. = Carex royleana Nees, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 127. Distribution: Afghanistan, Australia, Borneo, China, E Asia, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, New Zealand, Philippines, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: 1750-3900m. Native.
6. Carex breviscapa C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1894) 736; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 148. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, China, Java, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1250m. Native.
7. Carex brunnea Thunb., Syst. Veg., 14th Ed. (1784) 844; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 173. Distribution: India to Australia, Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Pacific Ocean, Philippines. BOHOL, LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, NEGROS. Notes: (80-)800-2800(-3100)m. Native.
8. Carex capillacea Boott, Ill. Gen. Carex 1 (1858) 44; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 158; ≡ Carex rara ssp. capillacea (Boott) Kük. ex Matsum., Index Pl. Jap. 2 (1905) 130. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, New Guinea, New Zealand, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, MINDORO. Notes: 2000-4000m. Native.
   • var. capillacea. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, New Guinea, New Zealand, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON. Native.
   • var. sachalinensis (F.Schmidt) Ohwi, Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 11 (1936) 442; ≡ Carex uda var. sachalinensis F.Schmidt, Reis. Amur-Land., Bot. (1868) 353. Distribution: Borneo, E Asia, Japan, Korea, New Guinea, Philippines. Native.
9. Carex cirrhulosa Nees, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 6 (1854) 29; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 117; ≡ Carex fuirenoides var. cirrhulosa (Nees) Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (20) (1909) 287; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 138, pro parte. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU. Notes: Only known from type. Native.
10. Carex cryptostachys Brongn., Voy. Monde, Phan. (1833) 152; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 148. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, China, Java, Malay Peninsula, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Notes: 0-1000(-1500)m. Native.
11. Carex dolichostachya Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 10 (1921) 61; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 151. = Carex ligata var. nexa (Boott ex Benth.) Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (20) (1909) 474; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 139; ≡ Carex nexa Boott ex Benth., Fl. Hongk. (1861) 402. = Carex sociata Boott, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, N.S. 6 (1859) 420; Hatusima, Mem. Fac. Agr. Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 59. Distribution: China, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. LUZON: Kalinga, Mountain Province, Rizal, MINDORO. Notes: P.B. Pelser (6-May-2022): This is a different species than Carex nexa Boott. 1200-1600m. Native.
    • var. dolichostachya. Distribution: China, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. LUZON: Kalinga, Mountain Province, Rizal. Native.
12. Carex doniana Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 3 (1826) 825. = Carex japonica var. chlorostachys (C.B.Clarke) Kük. ex Matsum., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (20) (1909) 620; ≡ Carex alopecuroides var. chlorostachys C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36 (1903) 271; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 160. Distribution: China, India, Japan, Korea, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, MINDANAO: Cotabato. Notes: 1500-2900m. Native.
13. Carex filicina Nees, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 123; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 122. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga, NEGROS. Notes: 1350-3750m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
14. Carex graeffeana Boeckeler, Flora 58 (1875) 123; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 169. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines. CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Benguet, Ifugao, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Sur, NEGROS. Notes: (400-)800-3800m. Native.
15. Carex hattoriana Nakai ex Tuyama, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 49 (1935) 508. Distribution: Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Taiwan. Native.
16. Carex indica L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 574; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 126. ≠ Carex fuirenoides auct. non Gaudich.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 138, pro parte. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Rizal, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1000m. Native.
    • var. indica. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Native.
17. Carex lenta D.Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 1st Ser. 14 (1824) 327. Distribution: Borneo, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Vietnam. Native.
18. Carex myosurus Nees, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 122; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 138. Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Mountain Province. Notes: 1700-3300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
19. Carex nodiflora Boeckeler, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 5 (1884) 516; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 128. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan, NEGROS. Notes: Medium elevation. 440m. Native.
20. Carex nubigena D.Don, Philos. Mag. J. 62 (1823) 455; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 178. Distribution: C Asia, China, India, Japan, Java, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tibet, Vietnam. Notes: 1600-3000m. Native.
    • ssp. pseudoarenicola (Hayata) T.Koyama, Fl. Taiwan, 1st Ed. 5 (1978) 367; ≡ Carex pseudoarenicola Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6 (1916) 118. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. Native.
21. Carex oligostachya Nees, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 6 (1854) 29; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 144. = Carex rhizomatosa Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2 (1855) 206. Distribution: China, India, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Vietnam. LUZON: Mountain Province, MINDANAO, NEGROS. Notes: 0-1400m. Native.
22. Carex oxyphylla Franch., Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., 3rd Sér. 10 (1898) 57. = Carex loheri C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37 (1904) 14; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 147. = Carex lateralis Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (20) (1909) 639; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 147. = Carex elmeri Kük., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 8 (1910) 326. Distribution: China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Laguna, Mountain Province, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: 1300-2400m. Native.
23. Carex palawanensis Kük., LPB 4 (1911) 1169; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 149. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Known from Mt Pulgar. 150-600m. Native.
24. Carex phacota Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 3 (1826) 826; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 170. Distribution: China, Japan, Korea, Malesia, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, South Cotabato. Notes: 1500-2700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
25. Carex pseudocyperus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 978. Distribution: Africa, Australia, China, E Asia, Europe, Japan, Middle East, N America, New Guinea, New Zealand, Philippines. Notes: 1750-3225m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. haenkeana (J.Presl & C.Presl) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3) (1898) 332; ≡ Carex haenkeana J.Presl & C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1828) 205. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. Native.
26. Carex rafflesiana Boott, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1 (1846) 285; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 140; ≡ Carex cruciata var. rafflesiana (Boott) Noot., Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 9 (1979) 122. = Carex rafflesiana var. scaberrima (Boeckeler) Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (20) (1909) 283; ≡ Carex bengalensis var. scaberrima Boeckeler, Linnaea 40 (1876) 347. = Carex rafflesiana var. continua (C.B.Clarke) Kük., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59 (1924) 59; ≡ Carex continua C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1894) 717. = Carex pycnothyrsos Kük., PJS 6c (1911) 60. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand. BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, South Cotabato, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: 500-2400m. Native.
27. Carex ramosii Kük., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 8 (1910) 8; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 155. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal, MINDANAO. Notes: Medium elevation. Native.
28. Carex rhynchachaenium C.B.Clarke, Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 5; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 150. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Kalinga, Laguna, Pampanga, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Zamboanga, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: 800-2100m. Native.
29. Carex satsumensis Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2 (1878) 558; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 132. = Carex nikoensis Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2 (1878) 558; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 140, as 'nikkoensis'. Distribution: Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: 400-2300m. Native.
30. Carex subtransversa C.B.Clarke, PJS 2c (1907) 108. Distribution: China, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: 2100m. Native.
31. Carex subtrigona (Nelmes) K.L.Wilson, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 179 (2015) 37; ≡ Uncinia subtrigona Nelmes, Kew Bull. 4 (1949) 144. = Uncinia riparia var. stolonifera Kük. & Steenis, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 13 (1934) 213. ≠ Uncinia compacta auct. non R.Br.; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 184. Distribution: Borneo, New Guinea, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Quezon, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur. Notes: 2000-4300m. Native.
32. Carex tristachya Thunb., Syst. Veg., 14th Ed. (1784) 845; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 152. Distribution: Borneo, China, Japan, Korea, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDORO. Notes: 2200-2700m. Native.
    • var. pocilliformis (Boott) Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (20) (1909) 473; ≡ Carex pocilliformis Boott, Ill. Gen. Carex 4 (1867) 175. Distribution: Borneo, China, Japan, Korea, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Nueva Vizcaya. Native.
33. Carex truncatigluma C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 36 (1904) 315. Distribution: China, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam. Native.
34. Carex turrita C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37 (1904) 13; Kern & Nooteboom, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 9 (1979) 142. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Mountain Province, MINDORO. Notes: 1500-3040m. Native.
    • var. turrita. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: 1500-3040m. Native.
    • var. merrillii (Kük.) Noot., Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 9 (1979) 143. = Carex merrillii Kük., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 8 (1910) 7. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: 1800-2490m. Native.

Cladium P.Browne (Not native)

1. Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl, Tent. Fl. Bohem. 1 (1809) 32; ≡ Schoenus mariscus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 42. Distribution: Africa, America, Australia, Caribbean, China, Europe, Japan, Korea, Middle East, Nepal, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Tibet, W Asia. PALAWAN. Naturalized.

Cyperus L.

1. Cyperus albescens (Steud.) Larridon & Govaerts, Kew Bull. 71 (2016) 30: 1; ≡ Kyllinga albescens Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2 (1854) 68; Type: Cuming 1418 (P, holo; BM, CN, G, K, L, LE, MO, P, UPS, iso), Philippines: 1841. = Lipocarpha chinensis (Osbeck) J.Kern, Blumea Suppl. 4 (1958) 167; ≡ Scirpus chinensis Osbeck, Dagb. Ostind. Resa (1757) 220; Type: from China. = Lipocarpha argentea (Kunth) R.Br., Narr. Exped. Zaire (1818) 477; ≡ Hypolytrum argenteum Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (H.B.K.), quarto Ed. 1 (1816) 218; Type: from Senegal. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur, ?Misamis Oriental (photos), SAMAR. Notes: 0-1800(-2800)m. Native.
2. Cyperus alternifolius L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 28. Distribution: Africa, Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Middle East. LUZON: Quezon (photos). Naturalized.
   • ssp. flabelliformis Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (20) (1936) 193. = Cyperus involucratus Rottb., Descr. Pl. Rar. (1772) 22. = Cyperus flabelliformis Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl. (1773) 42, nom. illeg.; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 105. Distribution: Africa, Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Middle East. Notes: Cultivated ornamental, occasional in waste places (Merrill 1923). Naturalized.
3. Cyperus babakan Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2 (1854) 6. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. PANAY. Notes: 0-100m. Native.
4. Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Endl. ex Hassk., Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. (Hasskarl) (1844) 24; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; ≡ Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl. (1773) 13; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 107. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Nepal, New Guinea, New Zealand, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. ALABAT, BALABAC, BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: 0-2300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • var. brevifolius. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Nepal, New Guinea, New Zealand, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Notes: 0-1500(-1900)m. Native.
   • var. stellulatus (Valck.Sur.) Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (20) (1936) 603; ≡ Cyperus brevifolius forma stellulatus Valck.Sur., Geslacht Cyperus Mal. Archipel. (1898) 48. ≠ Kyllinga intermedia auct. non R.Br.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 115. Distribution: China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines. Notes: 1400-2300m. Native.
5. Cyperus compactus Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5 (1788) 10. = Mariscus dilutus Nees, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 90. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BALABAC, BASILAN, BOHOL, CULION, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan (photos), Camarines Norte, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur (photos), Bukidnon, Davao, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao, Surigao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN (photos), PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: 0-500(-1000)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
6. Cyperus compressus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 46; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BALABAC, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Cavite, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Pampanga (photos), Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Norte, Maguindanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Zamboanga, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: 0-900m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
7. Cyperus cuspidatus Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (H.B.K.), quarto Ed. 1 (1816) 204. ≠ Cyperus uncinatus auct. non Poir.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 108. Distribution: Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Bulacan, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato. Notes: 0-1100m. Native.
8. Cyperus cyperinus (Retz.) Valck.Sur., Geslacht Cyperus Mal. Archipel. (1898) 154; ≡ Mariscus cyperinus (Retz.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 377; ≡ Kyllinga cyperina Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 6 (1791) 21. = Cyperus cyperinus var. maximus (C.B.Clarke) Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (20) (1936) 520; ≡ Mariscus cyperinus var. maximus C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 34 (1898) 43. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BATAN, BOHOL, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1300(-2100)m. Native.
9. Cyperus cyperoides (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3) (1898) 333, as 'cyperodes'; ≡ Scirpus cyperoides L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 181. = Mariscus sieberianus Nees ex C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1893) 622. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BASILAN, BATAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet, Cagayan (photos), Ifugao, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Pampanga, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Zamboanga Sibugay, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
10. Cyperus diaphanus Schrad., Mant. (Schultes) 2 (1824) 477; ≡ Pycreus diaphanus (Schrad.) S.S.Hooper & T.Koyama, J. Jap. Bot. 51 (1976) 316. = Cyperus diaphanus ssp. latespicatus (Boeckeler) J.Kern, Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 7 (1974) 653; ≡ Cyperus latespicatus Boeckeler, Flora 42 (1859) 441. Distribution: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Nepal, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: 300-1500m. Native.
11. Cyperus difformis L., Cent. Pl. II (1756) 6; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 110; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, China, Continental Asia, Europe, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BILIRAN, BOHOL, CEBU, LUZON: Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan (photos), La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, PANAY. Notes: 0-1400(-2000)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
12. Cyperus diffusus Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 321. = Cyperus diffusus var. macrostachyus Boeckeler, Linnaea 35 (1868) 534. = Cyperus diffusus var. pubisquama (Steud.) Kük., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 59 (1924) 43. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BASILAN, BATAN, CEBU, CULION, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro, Davao del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-1030m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
13. Cyperus digitatus Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 209. Distribution: Africa, America, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, Caribbean, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Maguindanao del Sur. Notes: 0-800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. digitatus. Distribution: America, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, Caribbean, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Maguindanao del Sur. Native.
14. Cyperus distans L.f., Suppl. Pl. (1782) 103. Distribution: Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, Caribbean, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. APULIT, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Ifugao, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: 0-1800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
15. Cyperus dubius Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl. (1773) 20. Distribution: Africa, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Notes: 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. dubius. = Mariscus merrillii C.B.Clarke, PJS 2c (1907) 87. = Mariscus niveus Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 369; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 113. Distribution: Africa, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. Notes: P.B. Pelser (6-May-2022): this is a different taxon than Schoenus niveus Murr. Native.
16. Cyperus elatus L., Cent. Pl. II (1756) 5. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LEYTE, LUZON: NCR, Zambales. Notes: 0-1400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
17. Cyperus flavidus Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5 (1788) 13; ≡ Pycreus flavidus (Retz.) T.Koyama, J. Jap. Bot. 51 (1976) 316. = Pycreus globosus (All.) Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs. (1831) 140; ≡ Cyperus globosus All., Auct. Fl. Pedem. (1789) 49. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, C Asia, Cambodia, China, Europe, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BOHOL, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. Notes: 0-2100(-2800)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
18. Cyperus haspan L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 45; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194. = Cyperus haspan ssp. juncoides (Lam.) Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (20) (1936) 249; ≡ Cyperus juncoides Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1 (1791) 147. Distribution: Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, Caribbean, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BALABAC, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Isabela, Mountain Province, NCR, Pangasinan, MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-1900m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
19. Cyperus imbricatus Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5 (1788) 12. = Cyperus radiatus Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 369, nom. illeg. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Bangladesh, Borneo, C & S America, Caribbean, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Maguindanao del Sur, NEGROS, PANAY, POLILLO. Notes: 0-900m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
20. Cyperus iria L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 45; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; ≡ Chlorocyperus iria (L.) Rikli, Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 27 (1895) 564. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, E Asia, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cavite, Ifugao, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur (photos), Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Norte, South Cotabato, Surigao, NEGROS, PALAWAN (photos), PANAY, SAMAR, SANTA CRUZ ISLS, SIBUYAN. Notes: 0-700(-1200)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
21. Cyperus javanicus Houtt., Nat. Hist. (Houttuyn) 2(13) (1782) 67. = Mariscus stuppeus (G.Forst.) Merr., PJS 3c (1909) 398; ≡ Cyperus stuppeus G.Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. (1786) 89. = Mariscus pennatus (Lam.) Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 20 (1915) 440; ≡ Cyperus pennatus Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1 (1791) 144. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. CULION, DUMARAN, HERMANA MAYOR, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas (photos), Cagayan, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, PUJADA, SIASI, SIBUTU, TAGANAK. Notes: 0-250m. Native.
22. Cyperus leptocarpus (F.Muell.) Bauters, Phytotaxa 166 (2014) 20; ≡ Scirpus leptocarpus F.Muell., Trans. Philos. Soc. Victoria 1 (1855) 109. = Lipocarpha microcephala (R.Br.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 2 (1837) 268; ≡ Hypaelyptum microcephalum R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 220. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Cambodia, China, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Apayao, Bulacan, Ifugao, NCR, Pampanga, Tarlac, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Native.
23. Cyperus malaccensis Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1 (1791) 146; ≡ Chlorocyperus malaccensis (Lam.) Palla, Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 17(Beibl.) (1911) 6. Distribution: LUZON: Bataan, NCR, Pampanga, Rizal, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao del Sur. Notes: 0m. Native.
    • ssp. malaccensis. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Native.
24. Cyperus melanospermus (Nees) Valck.Sur., Geslacht Cyperus Mal. Archipel. (1898) 50; ≡ Kyllinga melanosperma Nees, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 91. Distribution: LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Kalinga, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur. Notes: (200-)500-3000m. Native.
    • ssp. melanospermus. Distribution: Africa, Australia, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. Notes: (200-)500-2000(-2200)m. Native.
25. Cyperus michelianus (L.) Delile, Descr. Egypte, Hist. Nat. 3 (1830) 50; ≡ Scirpus michelianus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 52. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Australia, C Asia, Cambodia, China, Europe, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Madagascar, Middle East, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Rizal. Notes: 0-700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. michelianus. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, China, Eurasia, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. Native.
    • ssp. pygmaeus (Rottb.) Asch. & Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2 (1904) 273; ≡ Cyperus pygmaeus Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl. (1773) 20; ≡ Juncellus pygmaeus (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1893) 596; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 109. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Australia, C Asia, Cambodia, China, Europe, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Madagascar, Middle East, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Rizal. Notes: 0-700m. Native.
26. Cyperus mindorensis (Steud.) Huygh, Phytotaxa 166 (2014) 39; ≡ Kyllinga mindorensis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2 (1854) 67; Type: Cuming 1558 (BM, holo; K, P, iso), Luzon: Calabarzon, Batangas, 1841. = Kyllinga gracilis Zoll., Syst. Verz. (Moritzi et al.) (1846) 63, nom. illeg., non Kunth. = Kyllinga triceps Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 34. = Kyllinga monocephala Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 1 (1812) 120, nom. illeg., non Rottb. = Kyllinga nemoralis (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy ex Hutch. & Dalziel, Fl. W. Trop. Afr. (Hutchinson & Dalziel), 1st Ed. 2 (1936) 487; ≡ Thryocephalon nemorale J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., Char. Gen. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1776) 130; Type: from Tahiti. ≠ Cyperus kyllingia auct. non Endl.; Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 659. ≠ Kyllinga monocephala auct. non Rottb.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 108; EPFP 1 (1923) 115. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, W Asia. BALABAC, BASILAN, BILIRAN, CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Laguna, NCR, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Lanao del Norte (photos), Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, ROMBLON, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1750m. Native.
27. Cyperus nutans Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 363. Distribution: BASILAN, LUZON: Benguet, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao del Norte, Maguindanao del Sur. Notes: 0-800(-1500)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. eleusinoides (Kunth) Haines, Bot. Bihar Orissa 5 (1924) 898; ≡ Cyperus eleusinoides Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 2 (1837) 39; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 105, pro parte. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Laos, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, LUZON: Benguet, MINDANAO: Lanao del Norte, Maguindanao del Sur. Notes: 0-750m. Native.
    • var. nutans. ≠ Cyperus eleusinoides auct. non Kunth; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 105, pro parte. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. Notes: 0-800(-1500)m. Native.
    • var. subprolixus (Kük.) Karthik., Fl. Ind. Enum. Monocot. (1989) 46; ≡ Cyperus eleusinoides var. subprolixus Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (20) (1935) 145. Distribution: E Asia, Himalayas, Malesia, New Guinea, Philippines. Native.
28. Cyperus odoratus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 46. Distribution: Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Caribbean, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Notes: 0-200(-2100)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. odoratus. = Torulinium ferax (Rich.) Ham., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occid. (Hamilton) (1825) 15; ≡ Cyperus ferax Rich., Actes Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1 (1792) 106. Distribution: Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Caribbean, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Native.
29. Cyperus pedunculatus (R.Br.) J.Kern, Acta Bot. Neerl. 7 (1958) 798; ≡ Remirea pedunculata R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 236. = Remirea maritima Aubl., Hist. Pl. Guiane (1775) 45. Distribution: Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, Caribbean, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. GOLO, LUZON: Albay, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Isabela (photos), Quezon, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO. Notes: Sea shores and dunes. 0-10m. Native.
30. Cyperus pilosus Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 354. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BASILAN, BOHOL, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Ifugao, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: 0-1500m. Native.
31. Cyperus polystachyos Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl. (1773) 39; ≡ Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) P.Beauv., Fl. Oware 2 (1816) 48. Distribution: BATAN, BOAAN, DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: Aurora, Batangas (photos), Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Rizal, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PALMAS, PANAY. Notes: 0-1800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. holosericeus (Link) C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21 (1884) 55; ≡ Cyperus holosericeus Link, Hort. Berol. (Link) 1 (1827) 317. Distribution: Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Borneo, Caribbean, India, Malay Peninsula, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. Native.
    • ssp. polystachyos. = Pycreus odoratus (L.) Urb., Symb. Antill. 2 (1900) 164; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 108; ≡ Cyperus odoratus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 46. Distribution: Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, Caribbean, China, E Asia, Europe, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Batangas (photos). Native.
32. Cyperus procerus Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl. (1773) 29. = Cyperus procerus var. lasiorrhachis C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1893) 610. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand. LUZON: Pangasinan. Notes: 0-50(-250)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
33. Cyperus pulchellus R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 213. ≠ Cyperus leucocephalus auct. non Retz.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 106. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Madagascar, Philippines. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
34. Cyperus pulcherrimus Willd. ex Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 2 (1837) 35. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, ?Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Isabela, PALAWAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-750m. Native.
35. Cyperus pumilus L., Cent. Pl. II (1756) 6; ≡ Pycreus pumilus (L.) Nees, Linnaea 9 (1834) 283. = Pycreus nitens (Retz.) Nees, Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1) (1843) 53; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 108; ≡ Cyperus nitens Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5 (1788) 13. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pakistan, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cavite, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales. Notes: 0-600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
36. Cyperus rotundus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 45; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 987; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Europe, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam, W Asia. BASILAN, BILIRAN, LUZON: Aurora, Benguet, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao, Zamboanga, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIARGAO. Notes: 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
37. Cyperus sanguinolentus Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 351, nom. cons.; ≡ Pycreus sanguinolentus (Vahl) Nees, Linnaea 9 (1834) 283. = Cyperus sanguinolentus ssp. cyrtostachys (Miq.) J.Kern., Reinwardtia 3 (1954) 57; ≡ Cyperus eragrostis var. cyrtostachys Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1856) 257. = Cyperus sanguinolentus ssp. melanocephalus (Miq.) J.Kern., Reinwardtia 3 (1954) 55; ≡ Cyperus melanocephalus Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1856) 257. = Cyperus sanguinolentus ssp. teysmannii (Boeckeler) J.Kern., Reinwardtia 3 (1954) 57; ≡ Cyperus teysmannii Boeckeler, Flora 58 (1875) 259. = Pycreus eragrostis Palla, Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 23 (1909) 204; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 108. Distribution: Africa, Asia, Australia, Philippines. Notes: 0-3125m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
38. Cyperus sesquiflorus (Torr.) Mattf. & Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (20) (1935) 19; ≡ Kyllinga sesquiflora Torr., Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 3 (1836) 287. Distribution: LUZON: Benguet, Pampanga, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. cylindricus (Nees) T.Koyama, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 83 (1970) 187; ≡ Kyllinga odorata ssp. cylindrica (Nees) T.Koyama, Gard. Bull. Singapore 30 (1977) 161; ≡ Kyllinga cylindrica Nees, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 91. = Cyperus sesquiflorus var. subtriceps (Nees ex Wight) T.Koyama, Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 14 (1961) 191; ≡ Kyllinga cylindrica var. subtriceps Nees ex Wight, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 91. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Moluccas, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Pampanga, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: 1000-1600m. Native.
    • ssp. sesquiflorus. Distribution: Africa, America, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Caribbean, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Middle East, Moluccas, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. Native.
39. Cyperus stenophyllus Valck.Sur., Nova Guinea 8 (1912) 701. ≠ Mariscus tenuifolius auct. non Nees; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 114. Distribution: Malesia, Philippines, Solomon Isls. BASILAN, CAGAYAN DE SULU, GREAT BAKKUNGAAN, LUZON: Albay, Batangas, Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, NCR, Pampanga, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, PALAWAN, PANAY, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-750m. Native.
40. Cyperus stoloniferus Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4 (1786) 10. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Laos, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC. Notes: 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
41. Cyperus sulcinux C.B.Clarke, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21 (1884) 56; ≡ Pycreus sulcinux (C.B.Clarke) C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1893) 593. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Benguet, Bulacan, Ifugao, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1200m. Native.
42. Cyperus tenuiculmis Boeckeler, Linnaea 36 (1870) 286. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, LUZON: Benguet, NCR, Pampanga, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. tenuiculmis. ≠ Cyperus zollingeri auct. non Steud.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 108, excl. Ramos 7672. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Native.
43. Cyperus tenuispica Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2 (1854) 11. ≠ Cyperus haspan auct. non L.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 105, pro parte. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam, W Asia. BALABAC, LUZON: Bulacan, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Rizal. Notes: 0-500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
44. Cyperus unioloides R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 216; ≡ Pycreus unioloides (R.Br.) Urb., Symb. Antill. 2 (1900) 164. Distribution: Africa, America, Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Caribbean, China, India, Japan, Java, Madagascar, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: 0-1900(-2800)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
45. Cyperus zollingeri Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2 (1854) 17. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Cambodia, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam. Notes: 0-100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Incertae sedis

1. Cyperus minutiflorus J.Presl & C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1830) 351. Distribution: Philippines. Native.
2. Cyperus philippensis J.Presl & C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1828) 174. Distribution: Philippines. Native.

Diplacrum R.Br.

1. Diplacrum caricinum R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 241; Wilson & Barrett, Australian Syst. Bot. 36 (2023) 149; ≡ Scleria caricina (R.Br.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 7 (1878) 426; Type: from Australia. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, BUCAS GRANDE, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Tarlac, MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Notes: 0-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Wilson & Barrett 2003). Native.

Eleocharis R.Br.

1. Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 154; ≡ Scirpus acicularis L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 48. Distribution: LUZON: Benguet. Notes: 900-1450m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • var. acicularis. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, America, Europe, Middle East, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sumatra, Taiwan, Vietnam, W & C Asia. Native.
2. Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) Schult., Mant. (Schultes) 2 (1824) 91; ≡ Scirpus acutangulus Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 216. = Eleocharis fistulosa Schult., Mant. (Schultes) 2 (1824) 89. Distribution: LUZON: NCR, MINDANAO: Davao, Lanao del Sur, PANAY. Notes: 0-800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • ssp. acutangula. Distribution: Africa, America, Australia, Borneo, Cambodia, Caribbean, China, Japan, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Native.
3. Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) J.Presl & C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1828) 196; ≡ Scirpus atropurpureus Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5 (1788) 14. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, America, Australia, Bangladesh, Caribbean, China, India, Japan, Java, Madagascar, Middle East, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan, Vietnam, W Asia. CAMIGUIN. Notes: 90-250m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
4. Eleocharis congesta D.Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. (1825) 41. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Java, Korea, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, NEGROS. Notes: 50-2800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
5. Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Hensch., Vita Rumphii (1833) 186; ≡ Andropogon dulcis Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 219. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, PANAY. Notes: 0-1350(-2000)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
6. Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 150; ≡ Scirpus geniculatus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 48. = Eleocharis capitata (L.) R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 225; ≡ Scirpus capitatus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 48. = Eleocharis caribaea (Rottb.) S.F.Blake, Rhodora 20 (1918) 24; ≡ Scirpus caribaeus Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl. (1773) 46. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Caribbean, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, HERMANA MAYOR, LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN. Notes: 0-900m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
7. Eleocharis ochrostachys Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2 (1854) 80. = Eleocharis variegata var. laxiflora (Thwaites) Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 23 (1891) 14; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 121, pro parte; ≡ Scirpus laxiflorus Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1864) 435. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
8. Eleocharis pellucida J.Presl & C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1828) 196. = Eleocharis afflata Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2 (1854) 76. Distribution: LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: 50-2800m. Native.
   • var. pellucida. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, China, E Asia, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan. Native.
9. Eleocharis philippinensis Svenson, Rhodora 31 (1929) 155; Kern, Reinwardtia 4 (1956) 94. ≠ Eleocharis variegata var. laxiflora auct. non (Thwaites) Ridl.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 121, pro parte. Distribution: Australia, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Bulacan, NCR, Quezon, Rizal. Notes: 0-400m. Native.
10. Eleocharis retroflexa (Poir.) Urb., Symb. Antill. 2 (1900) 165; ≡ Scirpus retroflexus Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) 6 (1805) 753. Distribution: LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur, NEGROS, POLILLO. Notes: 0-1600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. chaetaria (Roem. & Schult.) T.Koyama, Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, N.S. 17 (1975) 68; ≡ Eleocharis chaetaria Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 154. Distribution: Africa to Australia, Philippines. MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. Native.
11. Eleocharis setifolia (A.Rich.) J.Raynal, Adansonia, 2nd Sér. 7 (1967) 318; ≡ Isolepis setifolia A.Rich., Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2 (1850) 498. Distribution: Africa, America, Australia, Caribbean, Madagascar, Philippines, Thailand. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. setifolia. Distribution: Africa, America, Australia, Caribbean, Madagascar, Philippines, Thailand. Native.
12. Eleocharis spiralis (Rottb.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 155; ≡ Scirpus spiralis Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl. (1773) 42. Distribution: Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean, Philippines. LUZON: NCR, Pangasinan. Notes: 0-100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
13. Eleocharis tetraquetra Nees, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 113. Distribution: LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. Notes: (450-)650-1800(-2700)m. Native.
    • forma tetraquetra. Distribution: Afghanistan to Australia, Philippines. Native.
14. Eleocharis yokoscensis (Franch. & Sav.) Tang & F.T.Wang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 11 (1961) 54; ≡ Scirpus yokoscensis Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2 (1878) 543. Distribution: Mongolia and Japan to Java, Philippines. Native.

Possibly present

1. Eleocharis attenuata (Franch. & Sav.) Palla, Monde Pl. 12 (1910) 40; ≡ Scirpus attenuatus Franch. & Sav., Enum. Pl. Jap. 2 (1878) 543. Distribution: China, Japan, Korea, New Guinea, Vietnam. Notes: Reported for the Philippines by Moody (1989) as a weed in rice, but no specimens cited. 1650-2800m.

Fimbristylis Vahl

1. Fimbristylis acicularis R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 226; Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 589. = Fimbristylis setacea Benth., London J. Bot. 2 (1843) 239. Distribution: Australia, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Albay, Bulacan, Pampanga, Rizal, Sorsogon. Notes: 0-800m. Native.
2. Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 285; Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 588. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, China, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra. LUZON: Bulacan, NCR, Sorsogon. Notes: 0-350m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
3. Fimbristylis aestivalis (Retz.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 288; ≡ Scirpus aestivalis Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4 (1786) 12. ≠ Fimbristylis squarrosa auct. non Vahl; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 126, excl. BS 26093. Distribution: LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1800m. Native.
   • var. aestivalis. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, E Asia, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Notes: 0-1800m. Native.
   • var. macrostachya Benth., Fl. Austral. 7 (1878) 310. Distribution: Australia, Philippines. Native.
4. Fimbristylis alboviridis C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1893) 638. Distribution: Africa, Asia, Philippines. LUZON: NCR, Tarlac. Notes: Low elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
5. Fimbristylis aphylla Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2 (1855) 114. Distribution: Africa, China, Philippines, SE Asia. MINDANAO: South Cotabato. Notes: 500-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
6. Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani, Gazz. Tosc. Sci. Med.-Fis. 8 (1850) 30; ≡ Scirpus bisumbellatus Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. (1775) 15. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, C Asia, Cambodia, China, Europe, India, Java, Laos, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Isabela, Nueva Ecija, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
7. Fimbristylis caesia Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1856) 315. Distribution: Java, Philippines, Vietnam. LUZON: NCR, Pangasinan. Notes: 0-600m. Native.
8. Fimbristylis cinnamometorum (Vahl) Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 2 (1837) 229; ≡ Scirpus cinnamometorum Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 278. Distribution: Australia, China, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Notes: Low elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
9. Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link, Hort. Berol. (Link) 1 (1827) 292; ≡ Scirpus complanatus Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5 (1788) 14. Distribution: BALABAC, BASILAN, BOHOL, JOLO, LUZON: Bulacan, Camarines Norte, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao de Oro, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Norte, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: 0-1300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • ssp. complanata. Distribution: Africa, America, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Caribbean, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. Native.
10. Fimbristylis cymosa R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 228. Distribution: BATAN, CULION, LUZON: Isabela, Laguna, Pangasinan, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIASI, SIDANAO. Notes: 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. cymosa. = Fimbristylis capitulifera Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 265. = Fimbristylis spathacea Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821) 24. Distribution: Old World tropics & subtropics, Philippines. Native.
    • ssp. umbellatocapitata (Hillebr.) T.Koyama, Micronesica 1 (1964) 82. = Fimbristylis spathacea var. umbellatocapitata (Hillebr.) T.Koyama, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 8 (1961) 107. Distribution: Old World tropics & subtropics, Philippines. BATAN. Notes: Known from Batan from Hatusima & Sato 28771 (PNH). Native.
11. Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 287; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 15; ≡ Scirpus dichotomus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 50. Distribution: BALABAC, BASILAN, BATAN, BONGAO, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CORON, CULION, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-1500(-1750)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. dichotoma. = Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 289; ≡ Scirpus diphyllus Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5 (1788) 15. = Fimbristylis annua (All.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 95; ≡ Scirpus annuus All., Fl. Pedem. 2 (1785) 277. = Fimbristylis tikushiensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6 (1916) 113. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Asia, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Cambodia, Caribbean, China, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Madagascar, Middle East, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. CORON, GUIMARAS, PALAWAN. Native.
    • ssp. podocarpa (Nees) T.Koyama, Micronesica 1 (1964) 87; ≡ Fimbristylis podocarpa Nees, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 98. = Fimbristylis tomentosa Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 290. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, China, India, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Native.
12. Fimbristylis dipsacea (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1893) 635; ≡ Scirpus dipsaceus Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl. (1773) 56. Distribution: LUZON: Rizal, MINDANAO: Lanao. Notes: Low elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. dipsacea. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Philippines, Russia to SE Asia, S America. Native.
13. Fimbristylis falcata (Vahl) Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 2 (1837) 239; ≡ Scirpus falcatus Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 275. Notes: 0-1800m. Native.
    • var. falcata. = Fimbristylis junciformis (Nees) Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 2 (1837) 239; ≡ Trichelostylis junciformis Nees, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 106. Distribution: Philippines, SE Asia. Native.
14. Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 291; ≡ Scirpus ferrugineus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 50. = Fimbristylis ferruginea ssp. sieberiana (Kunth) Lye, Nordic J. Bot. 2 (1982) 335; ≡ Fimbristylis sieberiana Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 2 (1837) 237. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, C & S America, Caribbean, Europe, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Vietnam, W Asia. CULION, LUZON: Bataan, NCR, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental, PANAY. Notes: 0-100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
15. Fimbristylis fusca (Nees) Benth. ex C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1893) 649; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 123, excl. syn. Cladium cyperoides; ≡ Abildgaardia fusca Nees, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 95. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Borneo, China, Japan, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON, PALAWAN. Notes: 40-1300(-1600)m. Native.
16. Fimbristylis insignis Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1864) 349. ≠ Fimbristylis rigidula auct. non Nees; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 125, pro parte. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Thailand, Vietnam. CULION, LUZON, PANAY. Notes: 0m. Native.
17. Fimbristylis leptoclada Benth., Fl. Hongk. (1861) 893. Distribution: CULION, LUZON: Bulacan, PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation. Native.
    • var. leptoclada. Distribution: China, Philippines, SE Asia. Native.
18. Fimbristylis lineatisquama Ohwi, Blumea 8 (1955) 109; Type: BS 11546 Merrill (BO, K), Jolo: Aug-1922. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. JOLO. Notes: P.B. Pelser (10-Dec-22): Labels on the type specimens refer to Golo as the type locality, but Ohwi (1955) suggests this is Jolo in the Sulu Archipelago. Native.
19. Fimbristylis littoralis Gaudich., Voy. Uranie (1829) 413. Distribution: BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, Maguindanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIASI, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. littoralis. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Caribbean, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Vietnam. Notes: 0-1000m. Native.
    • var. macrostachya (J.Kern) J.Kern, Fl. Males., 1st Ser. 7 (1974) 552; ≡ Fimbristylis miliacea var. macrostachya J.Kern, Blumea 8 (1955) 117. Distribution: Java, Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Native.
20. Fimbristylis longispica Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2 (1855) 118. Distribution: BATAN, MINDORO. Native.
    • var. boninensis (Hayata) Ohwi, Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 18 (1944) 80; ≡ Fimbristylis dichotoma ssp. longispica var. boninensis (Hayata) Koyama, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 8 (1961) 113; Hatusima, Mem. Fac. Agr. Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 59; ≡ Fimbristylis boninensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 6 (1916) 109. Distribution: Pacific Ocean, Philippines. BATAN. Notes: In Batan at E foot of Mt Iraya, on littoral cliff, locally frequent (Hatusima 28713). Native.
21. Fimbristylis macassarensis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2 (1855) 109. = Fimbristylis corniculata Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 231; Type: Merrill 7359, Luzon: La Loma, near Manila, 10m, Dec-1910. Distribution: Java and Philippines to Australia. LUZON: NCR, Quezon. Notes: 10m. Native.
22. Fimbristylis merrillii J.Kern, Blumea 8 (1955) 135. Distribution: Indochina to Australia, Philippines. BILIRAN, LUZON: Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-300(-1000)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. merrillii. ≠ Fimbristylis squarrosa auct. non Vahl; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 126, pro parte, quoad BS 26093. Distribution: Indochina to Australia, Philippines. PALAWAN. Native.
23. Fimbristylis microcarya F.Muell., Fragm. (Mueller) 1 (1859) 200. Distribution: LUZON: Cavite, NCR. Notes: 450m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. microcarya. Distribution: Africa, Philippines, Taiwan to SE Asia. Native.
24. Fimbristylis pierotii Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 2 (1865) 145. = Fimbristylis pinetorum Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 266. Distribution: Himalayas to Japan, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: 1550m. Native.
25. Fimbristylis polytrichoides (Retz.) R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 226; ≡ Scirpus polytrichoides Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4 (1786) 11. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: NCR, Pampanga, Rizal, Zambales. Notes: 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
26. Fimbristylis quinquangularis (Vahl) Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 2 (1837) 229; ≡ Scirpus quinquangularis Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 279. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, C Asia, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Middle East, Moluccas, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BALABAC, BOHOL, CORON, HERMANA MAYOR, LEYTE, LUZON: NCR, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO: South Cotabato, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: 0-500(-1100)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. quinquangularis. = Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 267; Caton et al. (2010) 95; ≡ Scirpus miliaceus L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 868, nom. rej. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, C Asia, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Middle East, Moluccas, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BOHOL, CORON, LEYTE, LUZON, MINDANAO, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: 0-500(-1100)m. Native.
27. Fimbristylis rigidula Nees, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 99. Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON, MINDANAO. Notes: 0-1800m. Native.
28. Fimbristylis salbundia (Nees) Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 2 (1837) 230; ≡ Trichelostylis salbundia Nees, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 105. = Fimbristylis paludosa Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 265. Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: 900-2200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
29. Fimbristylis schoenoides (Retz.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 286; ≡ Scirpus schoenoides Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5 (1788) 14. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, LUZON: Aurora, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, NCR, Pangasinan, Tarlac, Zambales, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
30. Fimbristylis signata S.T.Blake, J. Arnold Arbor. 35 (1954) 214; Kern, Reinwardtia 4 (1956) 96; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 564. Distribution: Australia, New Guinea, Philippines. MINDANAO: South Cotabato. Native.
31. Fimbristylis squarrosa Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 289. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Madagascar, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan, Tibet. LUZON: Cagayan, PALAWAN. Notes: 900-1600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. squarrosa. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Madagascar, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan, Tibet. LUZON: Cagayan. Native.
32. Fimbristylis tenuinervia J.Kern, Blumea 8 (1955) 137. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Native.
33. Fimbristylis tetragona R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 226. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: NCR. Notes: 0-300(-1000)m. Native.
34. Fimbristylis thomsonii Boeckeler, Linnaea 37 (1871) 37. Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. PALAWAN. Notes: 800-1400m. Native.
35. Fimbristylis tristachya R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 227. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, BUSUANGA, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, NCR, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-200(-540)m. Native.
    • var. tristachya. = Fimbristylis mariana Gaudich., Voy. Uranie (1829) 418. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. GUIMARAS, LUZON: Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, NCR, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, PALAWAN. Native.
36. Fimbristylis umbellaris (Lam.) Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 291; ≡ Scirpus umbellaris Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 1 (1791) 141. = Fimbristylis globulosa (Retz.) Wall. ex Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 2 (1837) 231; ≡ Scirpus globulosus Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 6 (1791) 19. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Korea, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LEYTE, LUZON: Bulacan, Ifugao, Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1000m. Native.
37. Fimbristylis vanoverberghii Kük., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (20) (1936) 631. ≠ Fimbristylis fusca auct. non (Nees) Benth. ex C.B.Clarke; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 123, pro parte. Distribution: Borneo, India, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Mountain Province. Notes: 540-1320m. Native.
38. Fimbristylis velata R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 227. = Fimbristylis squarrosa var. esquarrosa Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17 (1903) 47. Distribution: Australia, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, New Zealand, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan, Vietnam. LUZON: Cagayan. Notes: 900-1600m. Native.

Possibly present

1. Fimbristylis dura (Zoll. & Moritzi) Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 53; ≡ Isolepis dura Zoll. & Moritzi, Syst. Verz. (Moritzi et al.) (1846) 97. Distribution: Borneo, Cambodia, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, ?Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. ?PALAWAN. Notes: P.B. Pelser (2-May-24): Edaño 806 (L) possibly represents this species in the Philippines, as annotated by Kern, although not listed for the Philippines in Kern (1974).

Fuirena Rottb.

1. Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 184; ≡ Scirpus ciliaris L., Mant. Pl. Altera (1771) 182. Distribution: Old World tropics & subtropics, Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, La Union, NCR, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales. Notes: 0-800(-1180)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • forma ciliaris. Distribution: Old World tropics & subtropics, Philippines. Native.
2. Fuirena umbellata Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Pl. (1773) 70. Distribution: Africa, America, Australia, Borneo, Cambodia, Caribbean, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, CAMOTES, LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Norte, SIASI. Notes: 0-1800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Gahnia J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

1. Gahnia javanica Zoll. & Moritzi ex Moritzi, Syst. Verz. (Moritzi et al.) (1846) 98. Distribution: Borneo, China, Java, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: 1200-3560m. Native.

Hypolytrum Rich.

1. Hypolytrum compactum Nees & Meyen ex Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 2 (1837) 271; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 15. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Vietnam. BALABAC, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: 0-750m. Native.
2. Hypolytrum nemorum (Vahl) Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 1 (1824) 233; ≡ Schoenus nemorum Vahl, Symb. Bot. (Vahl) 3 (1794) 8. Distribution: ALABAT, BALABAC, BILIRAN, CEBU, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SANTA CRUZ ISLS, SIARGAO. Notes: 0-1200m. Native.
   • var. nemorum. = Hypolytrum latifolium Rich., Syn. Pl. (Pers.) 1 (1805) 70. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1200m. Native.

Isolepis R.Br.

1. Isolepis habra (Edgar) Soják, Čas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148 (1980) 194; ≡ Scirpus habrus Edgar, New Zealand J. Bot. 4 (1966) 199. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, New Guinea, New Zealand, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Native.
2. Isolepis subtilissima Boeckeler, Flora 41 (1858) 416; ≡ Scirpus subtilissimus (Boeckeler) S.T.Blake, Contr. Queensland Herb. 8 (1969) 20. = Scirpus merrillii (Palla) Kük. ex Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 117; ≡ Schoenoplectus merrillii Palla, Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 17(Beibl.) (1911) 3. Distribution: Borneo to New Zealand, Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, NEGROS. Notes: 1600-3700m. Native.

Lepironia Rich.

1. Lepironia articulata (Retz.) Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 20 (1915) 486; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 460; ≡ Restio articulatus Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4 (1786) 14. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, China, Indochina, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur. Notes: Found in Agusan Marsh, Kaimpugan; Co 5990, PUH); open swampy site in peat dome sedgeland. 0-1000(-1750)m. Native.

Machaerina Vahl

1. Machaerina disticha (C.B.Clarke) T.Koyama, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 69 (1956) 63; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 61; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 10; ≡ Cladium distichum C.B.Clarke, PJS 2c (1907) 102. = Machaerina micranthes (C.B.Clarke) T.Koyama, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 69 (1956) 64; ≡ Cladium micranthes C.B.Clarke, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew, Addit. Ser. 8 (1908) 46. = Cladium philippinense Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 171. Distribution: Borneo to New Guinea, Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE, DINAGAT, HOMONHON, LUZON: Aurora, Camarines, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: 0-1500m. Native.
2. Machaerina falcata (Nees) T.Koyama, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 69 (1956) 65; ≡ Baumea falcata Nees, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 6 (1854) 29. = Cladium latifolium Merr., PJS 2c (1907) 262, nom. illeg., non Benth. & Hook.f. ex Drake; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 129, pro parte. Distribution: Indochina to Pacific Ocean, Philippines. BATANES, LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: 1900-3300m. Native.
3. Machaerina glomerata (Gaudich.) T.Koyama, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 69 (1956) 63; ≡ Baumea glomerata Gaudich., Voy. Uranie (1829) 416. = Cladium juncoides Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 854. Distribution: Malesia, Pacific Ocean, Philippines. DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: Aurora, Camarines Norte, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental (photos), Surigao del Norte, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: 0-1600m. Native.
4. Machaerina rubiginosa (Biehler) T.Koyama, J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 8 (1961) 123; ≡ Baumea rubiginosa (Biehler) Boeckeler, Linnaea 38 (1874) 241; ≡ Fuirena rubiginosa Biehler, Pl. Nov. Herb. Spreng. (1807) 3. = Cladium riparium (Nees) Benth., Fl. Austral. 7 (1878) 405; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 128; ≡ Chapelliera riparia Nees, Pl. Preiss. 2 (1846) 76. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sumatra, Vietnam. MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN. Notes: 100-3225m. Native.
5. Machaerina sinclairii (Hook.f.) T.Koyama, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 69 (1956) 65; ≡ Cladium sinclairii Hook.f., Handb. N. Zeal. Fl. 1 (1864) 304. = Cladium crinitum (Stapf) Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 129; ≡ Vincentia crinita Stapf, PJS 19 (1921) 65. ≠ Cladium latifolium auct. non Merr., nec Benth. & Hook.f. ex Drake; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 129, pro parte. Distribution: Malesia, New Zealand. LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Laguna, NEGROS (photos). Notes: 500-2000m. Native.

Mapania Aubl.

1. Mapania cuspidata (Miq.) Uittien, J. Arnold Arbor. 20 (1939) 213; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser.1, 7 (1974) 473; ≡ Lepironia cuspidata Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 603. = Mapania humilis (Hassk.) Fern.-Vill., Fl. Filip., 3rd Ed. 4(Nov. App.) (1882) 309; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 132; ≡ Pandanophyllum humile Hassk., Tijdschr. Natuurl. Gesch. Physiol. 10 (1843) 119. = Mapania platyphylla Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 54. Distribution: Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sumatra, Thailand. LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: 0-1500m. Native.
   • var. cuspidata. Distribution: Malay Peninsula, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Apayao, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Low and medium elevation everwet primary forests, often on shaded stream embankments. Native.
   • var. angustifolia (Uittien) Uittien, J. Arnold Arbor. 20 (1939) 214; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser.1, 7 (1974) 475; ≡ Mapania petiolata var. angustifolia Uittien, Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 33 (1936) 282. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls. LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Native.
2. Mapania macrocephala (Gaudich.) K.Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 13 (1891) 265; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 132, pro parte, excl. Elmer 11978; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 470; ≡ Hypolytrum macrocephalum Gaudich., Voy. Uranie (1829) 415. Distribution: BALUT, BOHOL, MINDANAO: Davao, MINDORO. Notes: 0-1000(-2000)m. Native.
   • ssp. macrocephala. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. BALUT, BOHOL, MINDANAO: Davao. Notes: Primary forest. 650m. Native.
3. Mapania palustris (Hassk. ex Steud.) Fern.-Vill., Fl. Filip., 3rd Ed. 4(Nov. App.) (1882) 309; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 132; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser.1, 7 (1974) 477; ≡ Pandanophyllum palustre Hassk. ex Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2 (1855) 134. ≠ Mapania kurzii auct. non C.B.Clarke; Merr., PJS 2 c (1907) Bot. 422; C.B.Rob., PJS 6 c (1911) Bot. 194; Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 132; Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3537. Distribution: ALABAT, CATANDUANES, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Camarines, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO. Notes: 0-1500m. Native.
   • var. palustris. = Mapania affinis Merr., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 85 (1922) 157; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 131. = Mapania banahaensis Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 574. Distribution: Malay Peninsula to Pacific Ocean, Philippines. ALABAT, CATANDUANES, JOLO, LUZON: Camarines, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Zamboanga, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO. Notes: Primary forests, in wet or muddy places along streams, wet rocks. 0-800m. Native.
4. Mapania sumatrana (Miq.) Benth., Fl. Austral. 7 (1878) 341; ≡ Thoracostachyum sumatranum (Miq.) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 38 (1869) 75; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 464; ≡ Lepironia sumatrana Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 604. Distribution: China, Malesia, Pacific Ocean, Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur. Notes: Known from the Kaimpugan peat dome. Native.
5. Mapania tenuiscapa C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1894) 683. Distribution: Indochina to Philippines. BUSUANGA, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: Low elevation. Native.

Incertae sedis

1. Mapania alpina Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 132, nom. inval., in obs., pro syn.; Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3535, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 479, 484; Voucher: Elmer 14864, Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan. Notes: Based on description, Kern suggests possible conspecificity with Mapania borneensis Merr. Native.

Paramapania Uittien

1. Paramapania gracillima (Kük. & Merr.) Uittien, Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 32 (1935) 190; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 488; ≡ Mapania gracillima Kük. & Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 267; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 132. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Quezon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur. Notes: Forested ridges. 1100m. Native.
2. Paramapania parvibractea (C.B.Clarke) Uittien, Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 33 (1936) 143; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 486; ≡ Hypolytrum parvibracteum C.B.Clarke, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1899 (1899) 114. = Thoracostachyum lucbanense (Elmer) Kük. ex Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 258; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 132, pro parte; ≡ Mapania lucbanensis Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 573. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LUZON: Aurora, Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. 0-1200m. Native.
3. Paramapania rostrata Uittien, Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 32 (1935) 189; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 488. ≠ Thoracostachyum lucbanense auct. non (Elmer) Kük. ex Merr.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 132, pro parte. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, LUZON: Aurora, Sorsogon. Notes: 300-1750m. Native.

Rhynchospora Vahl

1. Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton, Trans. New York Acad. Sci. 11 (1892) 84; ≡ Scirpus corymbosus L., Cent. Pl. II (1756) 7. Distribution: Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, Caribbean, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIASI. Notes: 0-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Rhynchospora heterochaeta S.T.Blake, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 51 (1940) 47. ≠ Rhynchospora wightiana auct. non (Nees) Steud.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 131. Distribution: Philippines, Vietnam to Australia. LUZON: Bulacan, NCR, Zambales. Notes: 0-300m. Native.
3. Rhynchospora hirticeps (Kük.) T.Koyama, Brittonia 31 (1979) 288; ≡ Rhynchospora rubra var. hirticeps Kük., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 74 (1949) 495. Distribution: Thailand to New Guinea. Native.
4. Rhynchospora rubra (Lour.) Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 17 (1903) 180; ≡ Schoenus ruber Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 52. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, LUZON: Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental, Lanao del Sur, PALAWAN, PANAY, SEMIRARA, TUBABAO. Notes: 0-1300m. Native.
   • ssp. rubra. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Japan, Java, Korea, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Nepal, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, LUZON: Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental, Lanao del Sur, PALAWAN, PANAY, SEMIRARA, TUBABAO. Native.
5. Rhynchospora rugosa (Vahl) Gale, Rhodora 46 (1944) 275; ≡ Schoenus rugosus Vahl, Eclog. Amer. 2 (1798) 5. Distribution: LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. Notes: 0-2800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • ssp. brownii (Roem. & Schult.) T.Koyama, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 1 (1978) 118; ≡ Rhynchospora brownii Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 86. = Rhynchospora glauca var. chinensis C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1893) 672. Distribution: Old World tropics & subtropics, Philippines. Native.

Schoenoplectiella Lye

1. Schoenoplectiella articulata (L.) Lye, Lidia 6 (2003) 20; ≡ Scirpus articulatus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 47. Distribution: Old World tropics & subtropics, Philippines. CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, LUZON: Bulacan, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Zambales, MINDORO. Notes: 0-450m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Schoenoplectiella juncoides (Roxb.) Lye, Lidia 6 (2003) 25; ≡ Scirpus juncoides Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich) 1 (1820) 218. Distribution: Asia, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Philippines. BASILAN, BILIRAN, LUZON: Ifugao, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, PANAY, POLILLO. Notes: 0-1200(-2000)m. Native.
3. Schoenoplectiella lateriflora (J.F.Gmel.) Lye, Lidia 6 (2003) 25; ≡ Scirpus lateriflorus J.F.Gmel., Syst. Nat., 13th Ed. (1791) 127. Distribution: Australia, Old World tropics & subtropics, Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, NCR, Pangasinan, Zambales, PANAY. Notes: 0-300(-1300)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
4. Schoenoplectiella mucronata (L.) J.Jung & H.K.Choi, J. Pl. Biol. 53 (2010) 230; ≡ Scirpus mucronatus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 50. Distribution: Afghanistan, Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, Continental Asia, Europe, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, NCR, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Norte, South Cotabato, Surigao, Zamboanga, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: 0-2100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
5. Schoenoplectiella praelongata (Poir.) Lye, Lidia 6 (2003) 26; ≡ Scirpus praelongatus Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) 6 (1805) 764. Distribution: Australia, Philippines, SE Asia. Native.
6. Schoenoplectiella wallichii (Nees) Lye, Lidia 6 (2003) 27; ≡ Scirpus wallichii Nees, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 112. Distribution: India to Japan and Philippines. LUZON: Bulacan, NCR. Native.

Possibly present

1. Schoenoplectiella supina (L.) Lye, Lidia 6 (2003) 27; ≡ Scirpus supinus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 49; Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 294. Distribution: Africa, Bangladesh, China, Continental Asia, Europe, India, Madagascar, Mongolia, Pakistan, S America, Vietnam. Notes: Reported for the Philippines by Moody (1989) as a weed in rice, but no specimens cited.

Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla

1. Schoenoplectus subulatus (Vahl) Lye, Bot. Not. 124 (1971) 290; ≡ Scirpus subulatus Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 268. Distribution: Africa to Pacific Ocean, Philippines. Notes: 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C.Gmel.) Palla, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10 (1888) 299; ≡ Scirpus tabernaemontani C.C.Gmel., Fl. Bad. 1 (1805) 101. = Scirpus lacustris var. validus (Vahl) Kük., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 23 (1926) 200; ≡ Scirpus validus Vahl, Enum. Pl. (Vahl) 2 (1805) 268. ≠ Scirpus lacustris auct. non L.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 117, pro parte. Distribution: LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Cosmopolitan. 0-1900m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Schoenus L.

1. Schoenus delicatulus (Fernald) J.Kern, Blumea Suppl. 4 (1958) 167; ≡ Mariscus delicatulus Fernald, Rhodora 25 (1923) 53. = Cladium filiforme Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 172. ≠ Schoenus falcatus auct. non L.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 128, pro parte. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: (15-)600(-1500)m. Native.
2. Schoenus maschalinus Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 2 (1817) 77. = Schoenus axillaris (R.Br.) Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) Suppl. 2 (1811) 251; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 128; ≡ Chaetospora axillaris R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 233. = Schoenus philippinensis (Palla) Kük. ex Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 128; ≡ Helothrix philippinensis Palla, Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 17(Beibl.) (1911) 1. Distribution: Australia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, NEGROS. Notes: 1800-3600m. Native.
3. Schoenus melanostachys R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 231. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Philippines. DINAGAT (photos), MINDORO. Notes: 1650-2400m. Native.

Scirpodendron Zipp. ex Kurz

1. Scirpodendron ghaeri (Gaertn.) Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 268; W.H.Brown, Min. Prod. Philip. For. 1 (1920) 352; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 131; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 456; ≡ Chionanthus ghaeri Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1 (1788) 190. ≠ Mapania macrocephala auct. non (Gaudich.) K.Schum.; Merr., EPFP1 (1923) 132, pro parte, quoad Elmer 11978. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Cagayan, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO, PALAWAN, POLILLO. Native.

Scirpus L.

1. Scirpus ternatanus Reinw. ex Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 3 (1856) 307. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Japan, Java, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: (30-)800-2000(-2650)m. Native.

Scleria P.J.Bergius

1. Scleria benthamii C.B.Clarke, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew, Addit. Ser. 8 (1908) 58; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 732. Distribution: Australia, Cambodia, India, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: 1500m. Native.
2. Scleria biflora Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 3 (1832) 573; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 743. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. ALABAT, LUZON: Bulacan, NCR, Pangasinan. Notes: 0-900m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
3. Scleria ciliaris Nees, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 117; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 734. = Scleria bancana Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 602; C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1894) 693; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 133. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, China, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BUSUANGA, LUZON: Pampanga, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1000(-1500)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
4. Scleria corymbosa Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 3 (1832) 574; Clarke, PJS 2c (1907) 104; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 133; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 740. Distribution: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. CULION, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
5. Scleria densispicata (C.B.Clarke) J.Kern, Blumea 11 (1961) 159; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 730; ≡ Scleria motleyi var. densispicata C.B.Clarke, PJS 2c (1907) 104; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 134. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga. Notes: 0-800m. Native.
6. Scleria laxa R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 240; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 748. Distribution: Australia, China, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines. LUZON. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
7. Scleria levis Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4 (1786) 13; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 133; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 732. = Scleria hebecarpa Nees, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 117; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 133. = Scleria hebecarpa var. pubescens (Steud.) C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1894) 689; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 133; ≡ Scleria pubescens Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2 (1855) 168. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BALABAC, LUZON: Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Lanao, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
8. Scleria lithosperma (L.) Sw., Prodr. (Swartz) (1788) 18; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 133; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 740; ≡ Scirpus lithospermus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 51; Type: from India. Distribution: Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, BATAN, CULION, DALUPIRI, GOLO, JOLO, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, PUJADA, SIASI. Notes: In most islands and provinces in the Philippines (Merrill 1923). 0-1030m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
   • var. linearis Benth., Fl. Austral. 7 (1878) 430; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 741. = Scleria lithosperma var. roxburghii C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1894) 686; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 133. Distribution: Australia, China, India, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. GOLO, LUZON: Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO. Native.
   • var. lithosperma; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 741. = Scleria glaucescens J.Presl & C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1828) 202; Type: Haenke T.P.X. s.n. (PRC, holo), Philippines. Distribution: Africa, America, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Native.
9. Scleria motleyi C.B.Clarke, PJS 2c (1907) 104; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 134; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 729. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra. BABUYAN ISLS, BASILAN, BILIRAN, BUSUANGA, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Bulacan, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Laguna, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: 0-1200m. Native.
   • ssp. motleyi; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 134; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 730. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra. BUSUANGA, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Bulacan, Camarines, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, PALAWAN, PANAY. Native.
   • ssp. rostrata J.Kern, Blumea 11 (1961) 158; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 730. = Scleria sorsogonensis Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 134, nom. inval., in obs., pro syn.; Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3541, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Scleria subrostrata Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3542, nom. inval., no Latin descr. = Scleria trigona Merr., PJS 8c (1913) 363. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BABUYAN ISLS, BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Bulacan, Camarines Norte, Sorsogon. Native.
10. Scleria novae-hollandiae Boeckeler, Flora 58 (1875) 120; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 746. = Scleria merrillii Palla, Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 17(Beibl.) (1911) 8; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 134. ≠ Scleria annularis auct. non Steud.; C.B.Clarke, PJS C 2 (1907); Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 133. Distribution: Australia, China, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Vietnam. LUZON: NCR, Rizal. Notes: Low elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
11. Scleria oblata S.T.Blake ex J.Kern, Reinwardtia 6 (1961) 73; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 733. ≠ Scleria levis auct. non Retz.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 133. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Java, Malay Peninsula, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, BOAAN, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
12. Scleria parvula Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2 (1855) 174; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 746. ≠ Scleria tessellata auct. non Willd.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 135, pro parte; ?Moody, Weeds reported in rice in South and Southeast Asia (1989) 294. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Mountain Province. Notes: 0-1900m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
13. Scleria pergracilis (Nees) Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 2 (1837) 354; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 134; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 743; ≡ Hypoporum pergracile Nees, Edinburgh New Philos. J. 17 (1834) 267. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Korea, Laos, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Mountain Province, MINDANAO: Cotabato. Notes: 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
14. Scleria poiformis Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 4 (1786) 13; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 736. = Scleria oryzoides J.Presl & C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1828) 201; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 134. Distribution: Africa, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Java, Laos, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines, Isabela, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
15. Scleria psilorrhiza C.B.Clarke, Fl. Brit. India 6 (1894) 691; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 735. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Java, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand. LUZON: Laguna, Rizal. Native.
16. Scleria purpurascens Steud., Syn. Pl. Glumac. 2 (1855) 169; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 135; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 739. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, China, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BUSUANGA, CULION, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Cagayan, Isabela, Mountain Province, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga del Sur, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1067m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. purpurascens. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, China, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. CULION, LEYTE, LUZON, MINDANAO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1000m. Native.
17. Scleria rugosa R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. (1810) 240; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 749. ≠ Scleria zeylanica auct. non Poir.; Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 136. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Borneo, China, India, Japan, Java, Korea, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, NCR, Rizal, MINDORO. Notes: 0-500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
18. Scleria scrobiculata Nees & Meyen, Contr. Bot. India (1834) 117; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 738; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 987; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194. = Scleria foveolata Llanos, Fragm. Pl. Filip. (1851) 103, nom. illeg., non Cav. = Scleria purpureovaginata Boeckeler, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 5 (1884) 513; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 135. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, BASILAN, BATAN, BATAN DE ALBAY, BOHOL, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CEBU, CULION, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUBANG, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao de Oro, Davao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIASI, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAGANAK. Notes: Throughout the Philippines (Merrill 1923). 0-1400(-?1800)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. scrobiculata. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BATAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Cagayan, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO. Notes: 0-1250(-?1800)m. Native.
19. Scleria sumatrensis Retz., Observ. Bot. (Retzius) 5 (1788) 19; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 135; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 736; Liu et al., Taiwania 66 (2021) 405. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, CATANDUANES, CULION, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, NCR, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Zamboanga Sibugay, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
20. Scleria terrestris (L.) Fassett, Rhodora 26 (1924) 159; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 733; ≡ Zizania terrestris L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 991. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. CAMIGUIN, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Bataan, Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIASI. Notes: 0-2200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. terrestris. = Scleria luzonensis Palla, Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 13 (1907) 49; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 134. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Native.

Excluded

1. Scleria macrophylla J.Presl & C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1 (1828) 200; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 136; J.Kern, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 7 (1974) 751. Distribution: America. Notes: Type incorrectly listed as coming from Luzon (Merrill 1923; Kern 1974).

Trichophorum Pers.

1. Trichophorum subcapitatum (Thwaites) D.A.Simpson, Kew Bull. 53 (1998) 227; ≡ Scirpus subcapitatus Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. (1864) 351. = Scirpus subcapitatus ssp. pulogensis (Merr.) J.Kern, Reinwardtia 4 (1956) 90; ≡ Scirpus pulogensis Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 333. Distribution: Borneo, China, India, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Nueva Vizcaya. Notes: 1200-4000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.