Euphorbiaceae

Acalypha L.

Last edited by Pieter Pelser 15 August 2026

Acalypha amentacea Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 3 (1832) 676; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 243; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 2; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 438; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 987; Type: Herbarium Roxburghii /Herbarium Martii 2615 (BR, holo; BM000926683, ?iso). Distribution: BABUYAN ISLS, BALABAC, BILIRAN, BOHOL (photos), CATANDUANES, CEBU, CORON, DALUPIRI, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUBANG, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SEMIRARA, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TABLAS. Notes: 0-74m to 800m (photos). Native.
- var. amentacea; Fosberg & Sachet, Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 45 (1980) 8; ≡ Acalypha amentacea ssp. amentacea; Fosberg & Sachet, Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 45 (1980) 8. = Acalypha amboynensis Benth., London J. Bot. 2 (1843) 233; ≡ Acalypha grandis var. amboinensis (Benth.) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 10; Type: from Indonesia. = Acalypha stipulacea Klotzsch, Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1) (1843) 416; ≡ Ricinocarpus stipulaceus (Klotzsch) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 618; Type: Cuming 621 (B, holo; A, BM, G, K, L, LE, MO, iso), Luzon: Manila. = Acalypha affinis Klotzsch, Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19(Suppl. 1) (1843) 416. = Acalypha glandulosa Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 749. = Ricinocarpus blancoanus Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 617; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 20 (L, neo; A, US, isoneo), Samar. = Acalypha centromalayca Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 XVI) (1924) 150; Type: from Sulawesi (syn). = Acalypha luzonica Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 XVI) (1924) 154; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 243; Type: Curran et al. 18219 (K, lecto), Luzon: Benguet, Mt Pulog. = Acalypha warburgii Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 XVI) (1924) 155; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 244; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 3; Type: Warburg 13135 (B, holo), Luzon: Quezon, Tayabas, Sampalok. = Acalypha meyeri Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 XVI) (1924) 165; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 2; Type: Meyer 2847 (SING, lecto; US, iso), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles. ≠ Acalypha grandis auct. non Benth.; Miq., Flora van Nederlandsch Indie 1, 2 (1859) 405. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. BABUYAN ISLS, BALABAC, LUZON: Bataan, Quezon, MINDANAO, MINDORO (photos), NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAR, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TABLAS. Notes: Throughout the Philippines; lowland and medium elevation thickets, old clearings, etc. Common. 74m. Native.
Acalypha angatensis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 750; Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 193; Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 227; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 445; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 2; Sagun et al., Blumea 55 (2010) 30; ≡ Ricinocarpus angatensis (Blanco) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 617; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 333 (L, neo; A, US, isoneo), Luzon: Bulacan, Angat. = Acalypha tomentosa Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 750; Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 516; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 3 (1879) 150. = Ricinocarpus philippinensis Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 617. = Acalypha grandis var. velutina Müll.Arg., Flora 47 (1864) 441; S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 143; Merrill & Merritt, PJS 5c (1910) 357; ≡ Acalypha amentacea var. velutina (Müll.Arg.) Fosberg, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 45 (1980) 10; Type: Cuming 1159 (G-DC, holo; A, BM, K 3 sheets, L, LE, iso), Luzon: Albay prov. = Acalypha akoensis Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1) (1911) 266; ≡ Acalypha grandis var. akoensis (Hayata) Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6 (1954) 300; Type: from Taiwan. = Acalypha formosana Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1) (1911) 267; ≡ Acalypha grandis var. formosana (Hayata) Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6 (1954) 300; Type: from Taiwan. = Acalypha longe-acuminata Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9 (1920) 100; ≡ Acalypha grandis var. longe-acuminata (Hayata) Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6 (1954) 300; Type: from Taiwan. Distribution: Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Taiwan. BATAN, BATANES, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Rizal, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Batanes and N Luzon to Mindanao. In thickets, chiefly at medium elevation, ascending to 1500m. Native.
Acalypha australis L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1003; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 445; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 35 (1980) 584; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 2; Sagun et al., Blumea 55 (2010) 34; ≡ Ricinocarpus australis (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 617; Type: Herb. Linn. No. 1139.5 (LINN, lecto). = Urtica gemina Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 558; ≡ Acalypha gemina (Lour.) Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 3 (1826) 880. = Acalypha gemina var. genuina Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 41, nom. inval.; Müll.Arg. in A.DC., Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis (1866) 866. = Acalypha sessilis Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) 6 (1804) 205; Type: l'Herbier de Jussieu (P). = Acalypha pauciflora Hornem., Hort. Bot. Hafn. (1815) 909; Type: from China. = Acalypha chinensis Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 3 (1832) 677; Type: Roxburgh 2099 (K, holo). = Acalypha lanceolata Wall., Numer. List (1847) n.7789, nom. inval., nom. nud., nom. illeg., non Willd. = Acalypha australis var. lanceolata Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 20(3) (1904) 51; ≡ Acalypha australis forma lanceolata (Hayata) Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6 (1954) 298; Type: from Taiwan. ≠ Acalypha virgata auct. non L.; Thunb., Flora Japonica (1784) 268. Distribution: China, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan. LUZON: Cagayan. Notes: In open places near streams and settlements. Native.
Acalypha cardiophylla Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 80; Sagun et al., Blumea 55 (2010) 37; Type: Merrill 2506 (SING, lecto; BM, G, GH, MO, US, isolecto); Ahern's collector 1249 (BM, G, US, syn), Luzon: Bataan, Lamao Forest. Distribution: BATAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte (photos), Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: 350-450m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
- var. cardiophylla. = Acalypha subcinerea Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2631; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3973; Type: Elmer 13329 (PNH, holo; BM, BO, G, L, MO, NY, U, iso), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta. = Acalypha suirebiensis Yamam., J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 5 (1933) 178; Type: from Taiwan. = Acalypha hontauyuensis H.Keng, Taiwania 6 (1951) 204; Type: from Taiwan. ≠ Acalypha caturus auct. non Blume; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 445. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. BATAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Thickets and forests along streams at low and medium elevation. Acalypha cardiophylla is the proper name for Philippine plants previously identified as Acalypha caturus. Native.
Acalypha grandibracteata Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 191; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 445; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 2; Sagun et al., Blumea 55 (2010) 42; Type: BS 3607 Fenix (PNH, lecto). = Acalypha kotoensis Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9 (1920) 99; ≡ Acalypha grandis var. kotoensis (Hayata) Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6 (1954) 300; Type: from Taiwan. Distribution: Malesia, Philippines, Taiwan. BABUYAN ISLS, BATAN, CALAYAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, LUZON: Ifugao, SABTANG. Notes: Low elevation thickets. An ally of Acalypha amentacea Roxb. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Acalypha indica L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1003; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 292; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 446; Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 24; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 2; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 51; Sagun et al., Blumea 55 (2010) 45; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 438; Type: from Sri Lanka. = Acalypha caroliniana Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 748, nom. illeg., non Walter; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 487 (L, neo; A, US, isoneo), Luzon: Rizal Province, Guadalupe. = Acalypha ciliata Wall., Numer. List (1847) n.7779, nom. inval., nom. nud. = Acalypha canescens Wall., Numer. List (1847) n.7785, nom. inval., nom. nud. Distribution: Africa, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Palaeotropics, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. BALABAC, BANTAYAN, BATAN, CALAYAN, HOMONHON, LUZON: Cagayan (photos), Cavite, NCR, Pangasinan, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), PANGLAO. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Introduced in the Neotropics. A common weed in and about towns, in thickets, waste places, etc. 0-250m. Native.
Acalypha lanceolata Willd., Sp. Pl., 4th Ed. 4 (1805) 524; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 2; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 51; Sagun et al., Blumea 55 (2010) 46; ≡ Ricinocarpus lanceolatus (Willd.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 617; ≡ Acalypha wightiana var. lanceolata (Willd.) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 43; Type: L'Herbier de Paul Hermann 101 (Bibliotheque de l'Institute de France, lecto). Distribution: BASILAN, LUZON: Batangas, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO, MINDORO. Notes: 0-400m. Native.
- var. lanceolata. = Urtica pilosa Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 558. = Acalypha boehmerioides Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 459; Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 194; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 292; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 445; ≡ Acalypha boehmerioides var. genuina Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 XVI) (1924) 96, nom. inval.; Type: from Indonesia. = Acalypha hispida var. pubescens Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. (1837) 213. = Acalypha fallax Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 43; Type: Perrottet 462 (G-DC, lecto); Perrottet 463 (G-DC, syn). = Acalypha harmandiana Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70 (1924) 873; Type: from Cambodia. ≠ Acalypha ciliata auct. non Forssk.; Benth. in Wall., Numer. List: n.º 7779J (1847), nom. inval., nom. nud. ≠ Acalypha virginica auct. non L.; Benth. in Wall., Numer. List: n.º 7779 (1847), nom. inval., nom. nud. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, LUZON: Batangas, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO. Notes: In and about towns at low elevation, on thickets, old stone walls, etc. 0-400m. Native.
Acalypha pulogensis Sagun & G.A.Levin, Blumea 52 (2007) 357; Sagun et al., Blumea 55 (2010) 50; Type: PNH (Celestino) 4372 (L, holo; L, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Kabayan, Mt Pulog. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: 2000m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

Acalypha hispida Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 203; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 445; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 2; ≡ Acalypha densiflora Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 628, nom. illeg., nom. superfl.; ≡ Ricinocarpus hispidus (Burm.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 618; Type: Illustration t. 61, f. 1. (Burman, Fl. Ind. 1768). = Caturus spiciflorus L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 127; Type: Herb. Linn. No. 1163.1 (LINN, lecto). = Acalypha sanderi N.E.Br., Gard. Chron., 3rd Ser. 20 (1896) 392; ≡ Acalypha hispida var. sanderi (N.E.Br.) J.J.Sm., Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 10 (1910) 19. ≠ Acalypha rubra auct. non Willd.; Noronha ex Hassk., Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie 11 (1844) 216. ≠ Acalypha wilkesiana auct. non Müll.Arg.; Warb., Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 13 (1891) 358. Distribution: Bismarck Arch. Notes: Grown as a common ornamental plant throughout the Philippines, but nowhere spontaneous. Cultivated, not naturalized.
Acalypha wilkesiana Müll.Arg., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 15(2.2) (1866) 817; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 293; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 446; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 3; ≡ Acalypha amentacea ssp. wilkesiana (Müll.Arg.) Fosberg, Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 45 (1980) 10; Type: from Fiji. = Acalypha compacta Guilf. ex C.T.White, Gard. Chron., 3rd Ser. 94 (1933) 343; Type: C.T. White s.n. (BRI, lecto). ≠ Acalypha grandis auct. non Benth.; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 3. ≠ Acalypha longispica auct. non Warb.; K.Schum. & Lauterb., Die Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Suedsee (1900) 401, pro parte. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Pacific Ocean, Solomon Isls. Notes: Now cultivated in most tropical countries, introduced to the Philippines around 1905, since then widely cultivated throughout the archipelago but nowhere spontaneous. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Agrostistachys Dalz

Agrostistachys borneensis Becc., Nelle Foreste di Borneo (1902) 331; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 3; Sevilla & Van Welzen, Blumea 46 (2001) 78. = Agrostistachys leptostachya Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 VI) (1912) 102; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 428; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 3; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. DINAGAT, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Quezon, MINDANAO: Surigao, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland and medium elevation forests along streams. Fl. & fr. throughout the year. 50-1980m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Agrostistachys indica Dalzell, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 2 (1850) 41; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 14 (1960) 472; Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 210; Kew Bull. 29 (1974) 312; Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 26; Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8 (1980) 24; Sevilla & Van Welzen, Blumea 46 (2001) 83; Type: from India. = Agrostistachys indica var. maesoana (S.Vidal) Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 VI) (1912) 102; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 428; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 3; ≡ Agrostistachys maesoana S.Vidal, Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 242; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 428; Type: Vidal 897 (A, AAU, L, MA, syn), Luzon: Quezon, Guinayangan. Distribution: Borneo, India, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Thailand. BANCALAN, BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan, Isabela, Quezon, MINDANAO: Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, TICAO. Notes: Lowland primary and secondary dipterocarp forest understorey, frequent along streams and drywater courses. Fl. Jan- Feb, Apr-Jul; fr. Mar-Jul, Sep-Oct. 0-400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Alchornea Sw.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 July 2026

Alchornea parviflora (Benth.) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 168; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 438; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 3; ≡ Stipellaria parviflora Benth., Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 6 (1854) 4; Type: Cuming 1800. Distribution: Borneo, Malaysia, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. CEBU, CULION, LEYTE, LUZON: Bulacan, Rizal, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland and medium elevation second-growth forests and thickets. 50-1300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Alchornea rugosa (Lour.) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 170; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 438; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 4; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 53; ≡ Cladodes rugosa Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 574; Type: from Vietnam. = Alchornea petalostyla Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 35 (1980) 395; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 4; Type: Vidal y Soler 3719 (K, holo). = Alchornea pubescens Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 399; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 438; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 4; Type: FB 22724 Castillo, Luzon: Cagayan. = Alchornea javanensis (Blume) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1866) 170. Distribution: Borneo, China, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BABUYAN ISLS, BALABAC, BANCALAN, BOHOL, BORACAY (photos), CAGAYAN DE SULU, CALAYAN, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, DALUPIRI, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan (photos), Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao, Surigao del Norte (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAR, SEMIRARA, SIBUYAN (photos). Notes: Throughout the Philippines; low and medium elevation thickets, secondary forests, etc. Common. 0-1200(-2800)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Alchornea sicca (Blanco) Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 192; Fl. Manila (1912) 297; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 439; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 4; ≡ Excoecaria sicca Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 787; Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 542; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 3 (1879) 193; Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 642 (K, neo; L, isoneo), Luzon: Metro-Manila, Makati, along banks of the Pasig River opposite Guadalupe, April-1914. Distribution: Cambodia, Laos, Philippines, Vietnam. LUZON: Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal. Notes: Lowland thickets along small streams. 75m. Native.

Aleurites J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 23 March 2024

Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd., Sp. Pl., 4th Ed. 4 (1805) 590; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 290; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 448; Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 29; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 4; Kew Bull. 20 (1967) 393; Kew. Bull. 26 (1972) 213; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 54; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 29; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8 (1980) 26; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 252; Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 5; Alph. Enum. Euphorb. Philip. Isl. (1983) 4; Stuppy et al., Blumea 44 (1999) 80; ≡ Jatropha moluccana L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1006; Type: from the Moluccas (lecto). Distribution: Borneo, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, New Zealand, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. CEBU (photos), LUZON: Apayao (photos), Cavite, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Widely cultivated in the tropics generally. Cryptogenic: occurring wild and cultivated, from sea-level up to at least 1000m elevation on a variety of substrates, both on red loam and stony clay ground, on sand and limestone, sometimes in periodically rather dry areas (Smith 1910). Young plants are common as pioneers in disturbed gaps or margins of the vineforest (Forster 1996). Candlenut. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Cryptogenic.

Balakata Esser

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 7 August 2024

Balakata luzonica (S.Vidal) Esser, Blumea 41 (1999) 157; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 18; ≡ Sapium luzonicum (S.Vidal) Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 577; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 461; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 44; ≡ Myrica luzonica S.Vidal, Sin. Gen. Pl. Leños Filip., Atlas (1883) 40; Type: Vidal 610 (K, lecto), Luzon: Rizal, San Mateo. = Sapium lateriflorum Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 83, nom. illeg., non Hemsl.; Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1303; Merrill, PJS 16 (1920) 577; ≡ Sapium merrillianum Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 V) (1912) 243; Type: FB 2565 Borden (PNH, holo, lost; K, P, US, iso), Luzon: Bataan, Lamao River, Mt Mariveles. = Urandra elliptica Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 195, nom. illeg., non G.Schellenb.; Sleumer, Blumea 17 (1969) 263; Type: FB 20003 Topacio (PNH, holo, lost; US, iso), Luzon: Bataan prov. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. BUCAS GRANDE, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR, TICAO. Notes: Primary or secondary lowland semi-deciduous forests, also on limestone hills. May be locally very common and conspicuous on account of straight boles with scaly peeling bark. On clay, sand, or volcanic soils. Fl. Oct-Dec, Mar; fr. Feb-Jun; Sep. 10-120m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.

Blachia Baill.

Edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 14 October 2015

Blachia philippinensis Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 277; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 455; Van Welzen, Blumea 59 (2015) 164; Type: Curran FB 4128 (L, lecto; K, isolecto), Palawan: Palawan, near Puerto Princesa, Apr-1906; Curran & Merritt FB 8369 (US, syn), Luzon: Pangasinan Prov.; Merritt & Darling FB 13829 (US, syn), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Cape Bojeador. ≠ Blachia andamanica auct. non (Kurz) Hook.f.; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 10. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DANJUGAN, LUZON: Ilocos Norte, La Union, Pangasinan, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland thickets and forests in the more seasonal areas of the archipelago. (?-)300-450m. Native.

Blumeodendron (Müll.Arg.) Kurz

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 31 July 2025

Blumeodendron kurzii (Hook.f.) J.J.Sm., Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 10 (1910) 463; Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 57; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 10; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 70; Van Welzen et al., Gard. Bull. Singapore 72 (2020) 143; Type: from Malaysia and Andaman Isls (syn). = Blumeodendron verticillatum Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 557; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 429; Type: FB 2603 Meyer (PNH, holo, lost; L, iso), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bataan, Nueva Ecija (photos), Quezon, Tarlac, MINDORO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: 5-600(-1800)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Blumeodendron philippinense Merr. & Rolfe, PJS 16 (1920) 555; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 429; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 18; Type: FB 20054 Topacio (PNH, holo, lost; L, iso), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, SAMAR. Notes: 650m. Native.
Blumeodendron subrotundifolium (Elmer) Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 384; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 429; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 70; Van Welzen et al., Gard. Bull. Singapore 72 (2020) 146; ≡ Sapium subrotundifolium Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 930; Type: Elmer 12349 (PNH, holo, lost; L, lecto; A, BISH, G, GH, HBG, K, NY, US, isolecto), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting. = Blumeodendron subcaudatum Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 557; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 429; Type: FB 21075 Sherfesee, Cenabre & Cortes (K, lecto; A, US, isolecto), Samar. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: 0-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42 (1873) 245; Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 60; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 10; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 71; ≡ Elateriospermum tokbrai Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 621; Type: from Indonesia (lecto). = Blumeodendron paucinervium (Elmer) Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 555; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 428; ≡ Elateriospermum paucinervium Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 484; Type: Elmer 7416 (PNH, holo, lost; L, iso), Luzon: Tayabas, Lucban. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Camarines Sur, Nueva Ecija (photos), Quezon, Zambales, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests. 0-1400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Caperonia A.St.-Hil. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser & Bonifacio O. Pasion, 2 August 2025

Caperonia palustris (L.) A.St.-Hil., Hist. Pl. Remarq. Bresil (1825) 245; ≡ Croton palustris L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1004. Distribution: America, Caribbean. LUZON: Cavite (photos), Laguna (photos), Rizal (photos), MINDORO (photos). Naturalized.

Cheilosa Blume

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 October 2017

Cheilosa montana Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 614; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV, 147, 4 (1912) 12; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 496; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 68; Van Welzen et al., Blumea 38 (1993) 163; Type: from Java. = Cheilosa malayana (Hook.f.) Corner ex Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 16 (1963) 364; Euph. Born. (1975) 68; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 11; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 77; ≡ Baliospermum malayanum Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1888) 463. = Cheilosa homaliifolia Merr., PJS 8c (1913) 379; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 457; Type: Wenzel 147. = Cheilosa homaliifolia var. grandifolia Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 457; Type: BS 37282 Ramos & Edaño. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra. BILIRAN, DINAGAT, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland primary forests, sometimes along streams. Fl. Feb, Jun-Nov; fr. Apr-Oct. 5-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Cladogynos Zipp. ex Span.

Cladogynos orientalis Zipp. ex Span., Linnaea 15 (1841) 349; Merrill, PJS 7c (1912) 384; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 444; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 78; Van Welzen, Edinburgh J. Bot. 69 (2012) 402; Type: from Lesser Sunda Isls. Distribution: China, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Thailand. CEBU, LUZON: Bulacan (photos), MINDANAO: Sarangani (photos), MINDORO, SIQUIJOR. Notes: Lowland dry limestone thickets. 0-800(-1100)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Claoxylon Juss.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 4 November 2025

Claoxylon albicans (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 220; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 429; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 12; ≡ Prockia albicans Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 430. = Claoxylon elongatum Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 204; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 430. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Mountain Province, Pangasinan, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales, PANAY (photos), SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Lowland thickets, secondary and primary forests. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Claoxylon arboreum Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 486; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 429; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 12. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Isabela (photos), Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Claoxylon brachyandrum Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 VII) (1914) 115; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 430; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 12. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BALABAC, BANCALAN, BATAN, CULION, LUZON: Albay, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Rizal, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SABTANG. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. (?-)1400m. Native.
Claoxylon crassipes Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 VII) (1914) 121; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 430; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 12; Type: BS 9361 C.B. Robinson. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Quezon. Notes: Mossy forests. 900m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Claoxylon crassivenium Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 VII) (1914) 120; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 430; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 12; Type: Merrill 5668. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos, MINDORO. Notes: Forests. 2000m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Claoxylon ellipticum Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 553; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 430; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 12; Type: BS 32303 R.C. McGregor. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU (photos), LUZON: Cagayan, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, MINDORO, ?NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 800m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Claoxylon euphorbioides (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 430; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 12; ≡ Quadrasia euphorbioides Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2656; Type: Elmer 12424. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Isabela (photos), NEGROS, PALAWAN, SIBUYAN. Notes: Primary forests. (?-)600m. Native.
Claoxylon indicum (Reinw. ex Blume) Hassk., Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. (Hasskarl) (1844) 235; ≡ Erythrochilus indicus Reinw. ex Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 615. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. ?PANAY (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Claoxylon longifolium (Blume) Endl. ex Hassk., Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. (Hasskarl) (1844) 235; Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 72; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 12; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 79; ≡ Erythrochilus longifolius Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 616. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
- var. longifolium. Distribution: Borneo, India, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. Native.
Claoxylon oblanceolatum (Merr.) Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 VII) (1914) 115; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 431; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 13; ≡ Claoxylon rubescens var. oblanceolatum Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 79. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU, LUZON: Bataan, Camarines, Ilocos Norte, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Zambales. Notes: Low elevation forests on slopes. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Claoxylon pubescens Quisumb., PJS 76 (1944) 42; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 13; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 18; Type: BS 76416 Edaño (NY, iso), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Panagan River (erroneously as ‘Ponawa River’ in the typewritten label), on slopes in forest streams, 2700ft, 1-Dec-1928. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Sur, SAMAR. Notes: Forested slopes along streams. 820m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Claoxylon purpureum Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 204; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 431; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 13. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: ?Apayao (photos), ?Aurora (photos), Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur. Notes: Montane forests, common. 1700-2400m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Claoxylon rubescens Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2) (1859) 387. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines. CULION, LUZON: Benguet, Laguna, Quezon, MARINDUQUE, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Native.
Claoxylon rubrivenium Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 XVII) (1924) 182. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. Native.
Claoxylon spathulatum Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 VII) (1914) 120; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 431; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 13; Type: Ahern 266 (US, iso), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Pasacao. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Sur. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Claoxylon subviride Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 907; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 431; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 13; Type: Elmer 12374 (L, MO, NY, US, iso), Sibuyan: Magallanes (Magdiwang, along lower slopes of Mt Giting-giting), red soil mixed with soft shale stones of humid forested slopes at 1750ft along the trail leading down to España, Apr-1910. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BALABAC, BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Quezon, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN. Native.

Cleidion Blume

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 6 August 2023

Cleidion javanicum Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 613; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii (1914) 290; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1964) 487; Prain, Bengal Pl. 2 (1963) 712; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 74; Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8 (1980) 57; Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 279; Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 12; Kulju & Welzen, Blumea 50 (2005) 202; Type: from Java. Distribution: CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CATANDUANES, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, POLILLO, TABLAS. Notes: 0-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
- var. javanicum. ≠ Cleidion spiciflorum auct. non (Burm.f.) Merr.; Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 322; EPFP 2 (1923) 439; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 234; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 79; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 35 (1980) 607; Alph. Enum. Euphorb. Philip. Isl. (1983) 13. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. LUZON, MINDANAO, PALAWAN, TABLAS. Notes: N Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao, in most or all provinces. Low and medium elevation primary and secondary forests, on various bedrocks but often occurring on limestone, frequent along rivers or streams. Fl. Jan-Apr; fr. Apr-Sep. Native.
Cleidion microcarpum Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 404; Kulju & Welzen, Blumea 50 (2005) 208; Type: BS 44226 Ramos & Edaño (UC, holo; A, B, K, NY, US, iso), Tawi-tawi. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BALABAC, CEBU, LUZON, MASBATE, PALAWAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI, TICAO. Notes: Disturbed and secondary forests, often on limestone. Fl. & fr. mainly May-Oct. 0-670m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Cleidion ramosii (Merr.) Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 400; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 439; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 13; Kulju & Welzen, Blumea 50 (2005) 214; ≡ Mallotus ramosii Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 401; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.vii (1914) 195; Type: BS 14602 Ramos (US, lecto; A, K, isolecto), Camiguin de Mindanao, near the summit of Mt Catarman. = Mallotus samarensis Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 488; Type: BS 17480 Ramos (K, US, iso), Samar: Yabong. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Camarines Norte, MINDANAO, MINDORO, SAMAR, SIARGAO, TABLAS. Notes: 0-470m. Native.
- var. ramosii. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, MINDANAO, MINDORO, SAMAR, SIARGAO, TABLAS. Notes: Primary and secondary forests, often along rivers and on limestone, up to 470m. Fl. & fr. all year round. Native.
- var. lanceolatum (Merr.) Kulju, Blumea 50 (2005) 215; ≡ Cleidion lanceolatum Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 474; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 439; Pax & K.Hoffm. in Engl., Pflanzenr. IV.147.xiv (1919) 23; Airy Shaw, Alph. Enum. Euphorb. Philip. Isl. (1983) 13; Type: BS 1648 Ramos (G, lecto; A, BM, L, NSW, NY, SING, US, isolecto), Samar. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, SAMAR. Notes: Often along rivers. Native.

Incertae sedis

Cleidion megistophyllum (Quisumb. & Merr.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25 (1971) 528; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 13; ≡ Actephila megistophylla Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 158; Type: BS 45466 Ramos & Edaño (A, lecto; K, NY, US, isolecto), Luzon: Aurora, Casiguran. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora. Notes: The type collection only consists of leaves and remants of the infructescenses and fruits. Staminate and pistillate flowers are needed to confirm placement in this genus. Native.

Cnesmone Blume

Edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 11 November 2016

Cnesmone philippinensis (Merr.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23 (1969) 119; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 16; ≡ Tragia philippinensis Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 565; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 447. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Isabela, Pangasinan, Rizal. Native.

Cnidoscolus Pohl (Not native)

Edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 11 June 2017

Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I.M.Johnst., Contr. Gray Herb. 68 (1923) 86; ≡ Jatropha aconitifolia Mill., Gard. Dict., 8th Ed. (1768) n.6. Distribution: C America. CEBU. Notes: Introduced and cultivated as a vegetable in the Philippines. Naturalized near Cebu City, but not invasive. Naturalized.

Codiaeum Juss.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 30 April 2026

Codiaeum ciliatum Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 571; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 453; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 16. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Sur, PANAY, SAMAR. Native.
Codiaeum hirsutum Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 476; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 453; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 16. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN. Native.
Codiaeum luzonicum Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 81; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 453; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 16. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BALABAC, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN. Notes: Locally common, in primary forests at low elevation. Native.
Codiaeum macgregorii Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 573; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 453; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 16; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 18. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: 900m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Codiaeum megalanthum Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 570; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 453; Airy Shaw, Alphab.Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 16. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, PALAUI (photos). Notes: On forested slopes at low elevation. Native.
Codiaeum palawanense Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1283; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 453; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 17. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, BALABAC, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Camarines Sur, PALAWAN. Native.
Codiaeum trichocalyx Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 570; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 454; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 17. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Zambales. Notes: Low elevation. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. ex A.Juss., Euphorb. Gen. (1824) 80; Blume, Bijdr. (1825) 606; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 17; ≡ Croton variegatus L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1199. Cultivated, not naturalized.
- var. variegatum. Distribution: Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Sulawesi. Notes: Cultivated throughout the Philippines, very common and exceedingly variable. No form is indigenous, and none is even naturalized. The form commonly cultivated previously to about 1880 is that represented by Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 1062; most or all other cultural forms have been introduced since that date. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Croton L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 January 2026

Croton argyratus Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 602; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 425; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 85; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 17; Beyer et al., Blumea 68 (2023) 8; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 11; Van Duijn et al., Blumea 70 (2026) 130; Type: from Java. = Croton avellaneus Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23 (1942) 498; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 17; Type: BS 43977 Ramos & Edaño (A, holo; BM, G, W, iso), Tawi-tawi. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BABUYAN ISLS, BASILAN, DALUPIRI, HOMONHON, LAGEN, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Ilocos Sur, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Cotabato, Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, PALAWAN, SAMAR, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Lowland forests and edges in the more seasonal parts of the archipelago. 0-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Croton babuyanensis Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23 (1942) 499; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 17. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DALUPIRI. Native.
Croton batangasensis Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23 (1942) 499; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 17. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Batangas. Native.
Croton bonplandianus Baill., Adansonia, 1st Sér. 4 (1864) 339. Distribution: S America. GUIMARAS. Notes: Naturalized in the Philippines in sandy beach area. 0m. Naturalized.
Croton cascarilloides Raeusch., Nomencl. Bot. (Raeusch.), 3rd Ed. (1797) 280; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 84; Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 91; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 18; Beyer et al., Blumea 68 (2023) 10; Van Duijn et al., Blumea 70 (2026) 134; Type: from Vietnam (lecto). = Croton cumingii Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 101; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 426; Type: Cuming 1384 (G, lecto; A, BM, E, GDC, GOET, K, KIEL, L, NY, W), Luzon: Albay. Distribution: Borneo, China, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. ALABAT, CAGAYAN DE SULU, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Bulacan, Camarines, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga (photos), MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland thickets. 0-600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Croton caudatus Geiseler, Croton. Monogr. (1807) 73; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 425; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 85; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 18; Beyer et al., Blumea 68 (2023) 11; Van Duijn et al., Blumea 70 (2026) 135; Type: from India. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Benguet, Rizal, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Croton colubrinoides Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 451; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 425; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23 (1969) 73; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 18. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Mountain Province. Notes: 1300m. Native.
Croton consanguineus Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 101; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 426; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 18. = Tiglium subincanum Klotzsch, Getreue Darstell. Gew. 14 (1843) t.3. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDORO, SAMAR. Native.
- var. consanguineus. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Zambales. Notes: In thickets and forests at low elevation. Native.
- var. molliusculus Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23 (1942) 504; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 18. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan. Native.
Croton cotabatensis Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23 (1942) 500; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 18. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Cotabato. Native.
Croton cupreus Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1281; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 18. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Native.
Croton heterocarpus Müll.Arg., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 15(2.2) (1866) 621; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 82; Beyer et al., Blumea 68 (2023) 15; Type: from Sumatra. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra. ?DINAGAT (photos). Notes: 0-90m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Croton lanceilimbus Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 395; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 426, as 'lancilimbus'; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 18. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga Sibugay. Notes: Low elevation. Native.
Croton leiophyllus Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 13; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 426; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 19; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 32. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, BALABAC, BASILAN, CATANDUANES, DINAGAT, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora (photos), Bataan, Cagayan, Cavite, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Misamis, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: (?-)800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
- var. leiophyllus. = ? Croton oblongus Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 205. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT (photos), LUZON: Aurora (photos), Cagayan, Sorsogon, MINDANAO, PALAWAN. Notes: Widely distributed throughout the Philippines and often common in thickets and forests at low and medium elevation. Endemic unless referable to the Malayan Croton oblongus Burm.f. Native.
- var. multiflorus Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 426; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 19. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Isabela. Native.
Croton leytensis Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23 (1942) 502; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip.(1983) 19. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Aurora (photos), PANAY (photos). Native.
Croton luzoniensis Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 118; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 427; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 19. = Croton luzoniensis var. bataanensis Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23 (1942) 504. = Tiglium pubescens Klotzsch, Getreue Darstell. Gew. 14 (1843) t.3. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, BOHOL, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, NCR, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales. Notes: In thickets and forests at low elevation. (?-)1400m. Native.
Croton novae-astigis Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23 (1942) 499; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 19. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Nueva Ecija. Native.
Croton palawanensis Merr. ex Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23 (1942) 505; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 19. ≠ Croton heterocarpus auct. non Müll.Arg.; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 426. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT (photos), PALAWAN. Native.
Croton pampangensis Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23 (1942) 502; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 19. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Pampanga, MINDORO. Native.
Croton quisumbingianus Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23 (1942) 500; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 19. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT (photos), LEYTE. Native.
Croton rectipilis Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23 (1942) 501; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip.(1983) 19. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. GOLO, LUZON: Batangas, Ilocos Norte, Pampanga. Native.
Croton samarensis Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25 (1971) 516; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 19. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Croton singularis Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 21 (1968) 374; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 19. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: 250-800m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Croton tiglium L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1004; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 427; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 20; Beyer et al., Blumea 68 (2023) 19; Van Duijn et al., Blumea 70 (2026) 143; Type: from Sri Lanka. = Croton glandulosus Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 754, nom. illeg., non L.; ≡ Croton muricatus Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 518, nom. illeg., non Vahl; ≡ Oxydectes blancoana Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 610; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 308 (L, neo), Luzon: Camarines. = Croton camaza Perr., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 3 (1825) 112. Distribution: Borneo, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Thailand. BALABAC, BUSUANGA, LUZON: Camarines, Isabela (photos), Sorsogon (photos), MINDANAO: Davao del Sur (photos), Surigao del Sur (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Throughout the Philippines, in and about towns, usually planted, sometimes naturalized. Of prehistoric introduction from Malaya, but also naturally occuring in the Philippines (Beyer et al. 2023); universally used for poisoning fish. 0-1150m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Croton verreauxii Baill., Étude Euphorb. (1858) 357. Distribution: Australia, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Nueva Ecija. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
- var. angustifolius Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 117; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 427; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 20; ≡ Croton angustifolius (Müll.Arg.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 38 (1983) 68, nom. illeg., non Ham.; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 17. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. Native.
Croton vidalii Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 605. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan. Native.
Croton zambalensis Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 405; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 20. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Zambales. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Dimorphocalyx Thwaites

Incertae sedis

Dimorphocalyx angustifolius (Merr.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1967) 412; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1966) 412; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 20; Van Welzen & Van Oostrum, Blumea 59 (2015) 199; ≡ Ostodes angustifolia Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 403; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 454; Type: FB 9343 Whitford & Hutchinson, Mindanao: Zamboanga, Port Banga, 14-Jan-1908. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO. Notes: P.B. Pelser (23-Jun-20): Merrill (1912) described this species from a specimen without flowers and with only one immature fruit. It is only known from this specimen, but it is unknown where this type specimen is. Van Welzen & Van Oostrum (2015) suggest that it was probably lost in WWII. Native.

Doryxylon Zoll.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 7 November 2022

Doryxylon spinosum Zoll., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 14 (1857) 152; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 428; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 16; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 21; Van Welzen, Blumea 44 (1999) 424. = Sumbavia rottleroides Baill., Étude Euphorb. (1858) 390; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 291. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Laguna, NCR, Pangasinan, Rizal. Notes: 0-275m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Endospermum Benth.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 15 July 2026

Endospermum ovatum Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 481; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 457; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 24; Arias Guerrero & Van Welzen, Edinburgh J. Bot. 68 (2011) 474; Type: Fenix BS 15921 (US, lecto; BM, iso), Mindanao: Butuan Subprov., near Sumulao. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Sur. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Endospermum peltatum Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 35; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 457; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 24; Arias Guerrero & Van Welzen, Edinburgh J. Bot. 68 (2011) 475; Van Welzen et al., Gard. Bull. Singapore 72 (2020) 149; ≡ Endospermum philippinense Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 457, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Type: Merrill 2604 ('2603' in protologue) (K, lecto; BM, isolecto), Luzon: Tayabas, Pagbilao, Apr/May-1903. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand. GENERAL ISLAND (photos), LUZON: Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao, Surigao del Sur (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos). Notes: In primary forests at low elevation. 0-640m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Euphorbia L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 1 July 2026

Euphorbia antiquorum L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 450; Radcliffe-Smith in Airy Shaw, Euph. Siam (1972) 262; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 24. Distribution: Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand. LAGEN, LUZON: Isabela (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Euphorbia atoto G.Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. (1786) 207; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 461; Radcliffe-Smith in Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 111; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 24; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 438; ≡ Chamaesyce atoto (G.Forst.) Croizat, Fl. Hawaiiensis 3 (1936) Fam. 190. Distribution: Australia, China, India, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. APO, BASILAN, BATAN, BORACAY (photos), BUSUANGA, BUYAYAO (photos), FUGA, HOMONHON, LAGEN, LUZON: Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Pangasinan (photos), Quezon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, MINDORO, MULIGI, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SIASI, SIDANAO, ?SIQUIJOR (photos), TAMLANGON, TURTLE IS. Notes: A characteristic plant along sandy seashores throughout the Philippines. 0-1m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Euphorbia bifida Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. (1837) 213. = Euphorbia parannaquensis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 286. = Euphorbia vachellii Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. (1837) 213; Radcliffe-Smith in Airy Shaw, Euph. Siam (1972) 268; Euph. New Guinea (1980) 88; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 26; ≡ Chamaesyce vachellii (Hook. & Arn.) H.Hara, Enum. Spermatophytarum Japon. 3 (1954) 44; Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot.6 (1954) 283. ≠ Euphorbia serrulata auct. non Thuill.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 282; EPFP 2 (1923) 463. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand. BOHOL, GOLO, LUZON: Cagayan (photos), Ilocos Norte, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Open grasslands. 200m (photos). Native.
Euphorbia cyathophora Murray, Commentat. Soc. Regiae Sci. Gott. 7 (1786) 81; Radcliffe-Smith in Airy Shaw, Euph. New Guinea (1980) 83; Lin & Hsieh, Taiwania 36 (1991) 73; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 438; ≡ Poinsettia cyathophora (Murray) Bartl., Index Seminum (Gottingen) 1839 (1839) 6; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 24. ≠ Euphorbia heterophylla auct. non L.; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 462. Distribution: America. HOMONHON, LUZON: Aurora (photos). Notes: Not native to the Philippines, naturalized along roadsides and in waste places. Naturalized.
Euphorbia heterophylla L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 453; Lin & Hsieh, Taiwania 36 (1991) 75; ≡ Poinsettia heterophylla (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke, Monatsber. Königl. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859 (1859) 253. Distribution: America. LUZON: La Union (photos), MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos). Naturalized.
Euphorbia hirta L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 454; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 283; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 462; Radcliffe-Smith in Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 111; Euph. New Guinea (1980) 85; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 24; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 438; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 987; ≡ Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp., Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2 (1909) 303. Distribution: America. CAGAYANCILLO, CULION, HOMONHON, LUZON: Cagayan (photos), Rizal (photos), PALAWAN, SIARGAO. Notes: Naturalized throughout the Philippines, in waste places, open grasslands, etc. usually abundant. 0m. Naturalized.
Euphorbia hypericifolia L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 454; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 283; Radcliffe-Smith in Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 111; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 25; ≡ Chamaesyce hypericifolia (L.) Millsp., Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2 (1909) 302. ≠ Euphorbia capillaris auct. non Gagnep.; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 461. Distribution: America. LUZON: NCR, Pangasinan (photos), MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos). Notes: Not native to the Philippines, naturalized in waste places and open grasslands (Merrill 1912, 1923). 400m (photos). Naturalized.
Euphorbia lacei Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911 (1911) 456. ≠ Euphorbia trigona auct. non Mill.; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 464; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 26. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Thailand. BACUIT ISLS (photos), CORON, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: In thickets and on limestone cliffs, usually along the sea shore (Merrill 1923). 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Euphorbia luzoniensis Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 578; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 462; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 25; ≡ Chamaesyce luzoniensis (Merr.) Soják, Čas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140 (1972) 169. Distribution: ?Java, Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Notes: Low elevation. Native.
Euphorbia maculata L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 455; Torrefiel & Buot, J. Wetlands Biodiversity 7 (2017) 169. Distribution: N America. Naturalized.
Euphorbia makinoi Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 30(1) (1911) 262; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 462; ≡ Chamaesyce makinoi (Hayata) H.Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 14 (1938) 356. Distribution: ?China, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Notes: Low elevation. Native.
Euphorbia pallens Dillwyn, Rev. Hortus Malab. (1839) 54. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Native.
Euphorbia plumerioides Teijsm. ex Hassk., Hort. Bogor. Descr. (1858) 29; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 463; Radcliffe-Smith in Airy Shaw, Euph. New Guinea (1980) 85; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 25; De Padua et al., PROSEA 12 (1999) 270. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea. GOLO, LUZON: Batangas. Notes: P.B. Pelser (31-May-2021): according to De Padua et al. (1999), this species is probably not native to the Philippines. Naturalized.
Euphorbia prostrata Aiton, Hort. Kew., 1st Ed. 2 (1789) 136; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 283; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 463; Radcliffe-Smith in Airy Shaw, Euph. New Guinea (1980) 87; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 25; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 438; ≡ Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small, Fl. S.E. U.S., 1st Ed. (1903) 713. Distribution: America. HOMONHON. Notes: Naturalized in the Philippines in waste places (Merrill 1912). Naturalized.
Euphorbia serpens Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. (H.B.K.), quarto Ed. 2 (1817) 52; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 25; ≡ Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small, Fl. S.E. U.S., 1st Ed. (1903) 709. Distribution: America. MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos). Notes: Naturalized in waste places. 153m (photos). Naturalized.
Euphorbia thymifolia L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 454; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 283; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 464; Radcliffe-Smith in Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 112; Euph. New Guinea (1980) 88; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 26; ≡ Chamaesyce thymifolia (L.) Millsp., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2 (1916) 412. Distribution: America. LUZON: Cagayan (photos). Notes: Naturalized in the Philippines in open waste places, road sides, fallow rice paddies (Merrill 1912, 1923). Naturalized.
Euphorbia tirucalli L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 452; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 282; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 464; Radcliffe-Smith in Airy Shaw, Euph. Siam (1972) 267; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 26; Lin & Hsieh, Taiwania 36 (1991) 72. Distribution: Africa. PANAY. Notes: In thickets and hedges. J.E.M. Villasis (31-May-26): on lithic substrates in coastal environments in Panay. Naturalized.
Euphorbia tithymaloides L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 453; ≡ Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 19 (1812) 390. Distribution: America. LUZON: Batangas (photos). Notes: Cultivated. Wally Suarez (21-Aug-24): naturalized on rocky shores in Calatangan, Batangas. Naturalized.

Cultivated, not naturalized

Euphorbia lactea Haw., Syn. Pl. Succ. (1812) 127. Distribution: LUZON: Pangasinan (photos). Notes: P.B. Pelser (24-Jul-20): widely cultivated, but unknown from the wild (Bruce DeJong, 16-Jan-20, pers. comm.). Cultivated, not naturalized.
Euphorbia neriifolia L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 451; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 462; Radcliffe-Smithin Airy Shaw, Euph. New Guinea (1980) 85; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 25. ≠ Euphorbia trigona auct. non Haw.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 281. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea. Notes: P.B. Pelser (24-Jul-20): widely cultivated, but unknown from the wild (Bruce DeJong, 16-Jan-20, pers. comm.). Cultivated, not naturalized.
Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch, Allg. Gartenzeitung 2 (1834) 27; ≡ Poinsettia pulcherrima (Willd. ex Klotzsch) Graham, Edinburgh New Philos. J. 20 (1836) 412; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 282; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 462; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 25. Distribution: C America. Notes: Not naturalized? Cultivated, not naturalized.
Euphorbia splendens Bojer ex Hook., Bot. Mag. 56 (1829) t.2902; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 281; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 463; Haevermans & Hetterscheid, Phytotaxa 488 (2021) 7. ≠ Euphorbia milii auct. non Des Moul.; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 25. Distribution: Madagascar. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Excoecaria L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 13 July 2026

Excoecaria agallocha L., Syst. Nat., 10th Ed. 2 (1759) 1288; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 298; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 458; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 96; Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 112; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 26; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 987. Distribution: India to Taiwan and Ryukyu Isls, Malesia, Pacific Ocean. APULIT, BALABAC, BASILAN, BATAN DE ALBAY, BILIRAN, BORACAY (photos), BUYAYAO (photos), CATANDUANES, CEBU, CORON, CULION, DANJUGAN, DINAGAT, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, NCR, Quezon, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur, Misamis, Sultan Kudarat (photos), Zamboanga, MINDORO, OLANGO, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SEMIRARA, SIARGAO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Throughout the Philippines along the seashore or within the influence of salt or brackish water. 0-5m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Excoecaria bantamensis Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32 (1863) 124; Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1923) 113; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 26. = Excoecaria macrophylla J.J.Sm., Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 10 (1910) 611; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 458. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Philippines, Thailand. LUZON: Pangasinan. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Excoecaria borneensis Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 VII) (1914) 422; Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 113; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 26. = Excoecaria mirandae Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 576; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 458. Distribution: Borneo, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. BASILAN. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Excoecaria obtusa Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 389; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 458; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 26. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan. Notes: In forests at low elevation. Native.
Excoecaria pachyphylla Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 575; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 458; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 27. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Native.
Excoecaria philippinensis Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 82; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 458; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 27. = Excoecaria philippinensis var. euphlebia Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 389; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 459. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi. ALABAT, CALAYAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU (photos), DINAGAT (photos), LAGEN, LUZON: Albay (photos), Apayao (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: In primary forests at low elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Excoecaria stenophylla Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 189; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 459; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 27. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: Low elevation. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

Excoecaria cochinchinensis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 612. Distribution: Java, Malay Peninsula, Thailand. Notes: Cultivated, not naturalized? Cultivated, not naturalized.

Hancea Seem.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 6 May 2025

Hancea cordatifolia (Slik) S.E.C.Sierra, Kulju & Welzen, Blumea 52 (2007) 363; ≡ Mallotus cordatifolius Slik, Blumea 43 (1998) 225; Slik & Van Welzen, Blumea 46 (2001) 7; Type: PNH 117545 Gutierrez et al. (holo, L), Samar: Mt Sohoton. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: Known only from the type locality. Logged-over forest. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Hancea hirsuta (Elmer) S.E.C.Sierra, Kulju & Welzen, Blumea 52 (2007) 364; ≡ Mallotus hirsutus Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2648; Slik & Van Welzen, Blumea 46 (2001) 15; Type: Elmer 13480 (PNH, holo, lost; K, L, NY, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran (Mt Urdaneta). ≠ Mallotus papuanus auct. non (J.J.Sm.) Pax & K.Hoffm.; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 435. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Surigao. Notes: In forest. 1333m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Hancea longistyla (Merr.) S.E.C.Sierra, Kulju & Welzen, Blumea 52 (2007) 364; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 11; ≡ Mallotus longistylus Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 560; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 434; Slik & Van Welzen, Blumea 46 (2001) 20. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, HOMONHON, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forest. 0-266m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Hancea penangensis (Müll.Arg.) S.E.C.Sierra, Kulju & Welzen, Blumea 52 (2007) 364; ≡ Mallotus penangensis Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 186; Slik & Van Welzen, Blumea 46 (2001) 24. = Mallotus echinatus Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 925; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 433; Type: Elmer 12253 (PNH, holo, lost; EDI, K, L, NY, iso), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting. Philippines. = Mallotus sarawakensis Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 VII) (1914) 201; Soejarto et al. (1995). Distribution: Thailand and Andaman Isls to New Guinea. LUZON: Albay, Aurora (photos), Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Ilocos Norte, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: In forests at low and medium elevation. Mainly in understorey of primary forest or late secondary forest, where it can be very common, sometimes also in young secondary forest or scrub, along creeks, river banks, and roadsides; usually on dry, well-drained terrain, occasional also in swampy places; soils variable: from clay to sandy to loamy, also on limestone. 0-1666m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Hancea wenzeliana (Slik) S.E.C.Sierra, Kulju & Welzen, Blumea 52 (2007) 364; Villanueva et al., Biodiversitas 23 (2022) 6496; ≡ Mallotus wenzelianus Slik, Blumea 43 (1998) 229; Slik & Van Welzen, Blumea 46 (2001) 29; Type: Wenzel 2697 (G, holo; UC, A, iso), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, Jubud. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Surigao, Surigao del Norte, SAMAR. Notes: In forest. 0-150m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Hevea Aubl. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 October 2017

Cultivated, not naturalized

Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A.Juss.) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 204; Fl. Manila (1912) 293; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 450; ≡ Siphonia brasiliensis Willd. ex A.Juss., Euphorb. Gen. (1824) t.12. Distribution: S America. Notes: Introduced to the Philippines in the early part of the 20th century. Cultivated in Mindanao, Basilan, and elsewhere; occasionally planted in other islands. Para rubber. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Homalanthus Juss.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 1 August 2026

Homalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fern.-Vill., Fl. Filip., 3rd Ed. 4(Nov. App.) (1880) 196; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 459; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 32; Esser, Blumea 42 (1997) 435; Coritico et al., J. Trop. Biol. & Cons. 19 (2022) 149; ≡ Mappa fastuosa Linden, Belgique Hort. 15 (1865) 100. = Homalanthus alpinus Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 307; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 459; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 32. = Homalanthus bicolor Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 282; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 459; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 32. = Homalanthus milvus Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 36 (1981) 611. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. BATAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CATANDUANES, CEBU, LUZON: Abra, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Lanao, Misamis, Misamis Occidental, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, POLILLO. Notes: Common in thickets, on ridges, old clearings, etc. (50-)750-2600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Homalanthus macradenius Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 V) (1912) 51; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 459; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 33; Esser, Blumea 42 (1997) 443. = Homalanthus concolor Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 398; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 459; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 32. = Homalanthus surigaoensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2645. = Homalanthus megaphyllus Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 485; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 459; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 33. = Homalanthus rotundifolius Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 486; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 460; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 33. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Isabela (photos), Nueva Vizcaya (photos), Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga del Norte, NEGROS (photos), SAMAR. Notes: 45-1800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Homalanthus populneus (Geiseler) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 609, as 'Omalanthus populneus'; Pax in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3, 5 (1890) 96; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 460; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 102; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 32; Esser, Blumea 42 (1997) 453; ≡ Stillingia populnea Geiseler, Croton. Monogr. (1807) 80. = Homalanthus populneus var. laevis (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 230; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 460, as ‘levis’; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 33; ≡ Excoecaria laevis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 788. = Homalanthus populneus var. minor (Müll.Arg.) Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 390; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 33; ≡ Carumbium populneum var. minus Müll.Arg., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 15(2.2) (1866) 1145. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. ALABAT, BALABAC, BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CABUCAN, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, GUIMARAS, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao (photos), Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TABLAS, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: In thickets, deserted clearings. 0-1700(-3000)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Homonoia Lour.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 18 August 2024

Homonoia riparia Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 637; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 296; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 448; Van Welzen, Blumea 43 (1998) 138; Type: from Vietnam. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BOHOL, LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Abra, Apayao (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilocos, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Mountain Province (photos), NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: In Luzon from Cagayan to Sorsogon; a very characteristic species, very abundant along small swift streams at low and medium elevation, on the banks and in the stream beds. 0-700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Hura L. (Not native)

Cultivated, not naturalized

Hura crepitans L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1008. Distribution: Neotropics. Notes: Widely cultivated in the tropics worldwide. Not naturalized? Cultivated, not naturalized.

Jatropha L. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 October 2025

Jatropha gossypiifolia L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1006; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 290; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 449; Cañeda et al., Davao Research J. 16 (2025) 91. Distribution: America, Caribbean. MINDANAO: Davao Occidental, PALAWAN. Naturalized.
Jatropha integerrima Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. (1760) 32. = Jatropha hastata Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. (1760) 32. = Jatropha pandurifolia Andrews, Bot. Repos. 4 (1802) t.267; ≡ Jatropha diversifolia var. pandurifolia (Andrews) M.Gómez, Anales Hist. Nat. 23 (1894) 51. Distribution: Caribbean. Naturalized.

Cultivated, not naturalized

Jatropha curcas L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1006; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 289; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 449. Distribution: America. Notes: Introduced at an early date in colonial history from Mexico. Now pantropic. In hedges throughout the Philippines, usually very common in and about towns. Physic nut. Not naturalized? Cultivated, not naturalized.
Jatropha multifida L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1006; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 289; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 449. = Jatropha janipha Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 758, nom. illeg., non L.; Merr. Species Blancoanae (1918) 229; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 625 (L, neo), Luzon: Manila. Distribution: America. Notes: Introduced and cultivated in the Philippines. Not naturalized? Cultivated, not naturalized.
Jatropha podagrica Hook., Bot. Mag. 74 (1848) t.4376. Distribution: C America, Caribbean. Notes: Planted as ornamental in the Philippines. Not naturalized in the Philippines, but dangerous invasive in Caroline Isls. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Lasiococca Hook.f.

Lasiococca brevipes (Merr.) Welzen & S.E.C.Sierra, Blumea 50 (2005) 276; ≡ Mallotus brevipes Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 487; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 432. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao del Sur. Notes: Low elevation. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Macaranga Thouars

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 12 July 2026

Macaranga amplifolia Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 392; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 440. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Cagayan, Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), SAMAR. Notes: In damp primary forests at low elevation. 200m (photos). Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Macaranga auctoris Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga (2008) 82; Type: Soejarto & Fernando 7445 (holo, L). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: 50-70m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Macaranga balabacensis Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 VII) (1914) 368; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 440; Type: BS 424 Mangubat. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BALABAC. Notes: Forested slopes at low elevation. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Macaranga bancana (Miq.) Müll.Arg., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 15(2.2) (1866) 990; ≡ Pachystemon bancanus Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 462; Type: from Sumatra. ≠ Macaranga triloba auct. non (Thunb.) Müll.Arg.; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 445. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. JOLO, PALAWAN. Notes: Forested river banks. 0-1000m. Native.
Macaranga bicolor Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 199; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 440; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2438; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 11. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, GUIMARAS (photos), HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, ?Aurora (photos), Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: In second-growth forests at low elevation. 150-350m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Macaranga congestiflora Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 282; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 440. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Old clearings at low elevation. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
Macaranga cumingii (Baill.) Müll.Arg., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 15(2.2) (1866) 1005; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 441; Type: Cuming 1100. = Macaranga sibuyanensis Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 922. = Macaranga cuneata Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 428; Type: Elmer 9483, Negros: Dumaguete, Cuernos Mts, Mar-1908. = Macaranga caudatifolia Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 427; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 440; Type: Elmer 9652. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. BATAN, BATANES, BILIRAN, CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Camarines, Ifugao, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya (photos), Pampanga, Quezon, Quirino (photos), Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, Surigao, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SABTANG, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, TINAGO. Notes: Forests, deserted clearings, thickets, forested ravines. 600-2200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Macaranga gigantea (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 15(2.2) (1866) 995; ≡ Mappa gigantea Rchb.f. & Zoll., Linnaea 29 (1858) 465. Distribution: Myanmar to Malesia, Philippines. PALAWAN (photos). Notes: Specimens mentioned by L.L.Co: N Bartolome 4525, 4730, 4955, 4987. (?-)800-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Macaranga grandifolia (Blanco) Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 394; Fl. Manila (1912) 441; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 441; ≡ Croton grandifolius Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 753; Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 518; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 3 (1879) 153. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. CEBU (photos), LUZON: Abra (photos), ?Apayao (photos), Aurora (photos), Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Tarlac, Zambales, MINDANAO: Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO. Notes: In second-growth forests at low elevation, locally abundant. 50-620m (photos). Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Macaranga hispida (Blume) Müll.Arg., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 15(2.2) (1866) 990; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 442; ≡ Mappa hispida Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 624. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi. BALABAC, BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Sultan Kudarat (photos), Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation, common in second growth forests, ravines, etc. (?)50-1700m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Macaranga leytensis Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 393; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 442; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 18; Type: BS 15253 Ramos. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Forested slopes. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Macaranga loheri Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 423; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 442; Type: Elmer 8558. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet, Pampanga, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO, SAMAR. Notes: Forested ravines. 1000-1500m. Native.
Macaranga lowii King ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 453; Whitmore in Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 154; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 35. = Macaranga auriculata (Merr.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 19 (1965) 325; ≡ Mallotus auriculatus Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 396; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 432; Type: FB 7271 Everett (US, iso), Negros: 1907. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Thailand. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Davao, Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. 0-1400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Macaranga mappa (L.) Müll.Arg., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 15(2.2) (1866) 1000; ≡ Ricinus mappa L., Herb. Amboin. (Linn.) (1754) 4. = Macaranga gigantifolia Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 391; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 441; Type: BS 14702 Ramos. Distribution: Borneo, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi. CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Benguet, Laguna, Pangasinan, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, SAMAR. Notes: Low elevation forests and thickets. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Macaranga noblei Elmer, LPB 2 (1910) 678; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 442; Type: Elmer 10816. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Isabela, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, Surigao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay. Notes: Streamside forests. 700-1000m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Macaranga ovatifolia Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 562; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 442; Type: BS 34683 Ramos & Pascasio. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Surigao, SAMAR. Notes: Low elevation forests along streams. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Macaranga sinensis (Baill.) Müll.Arg., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 15(2.2) (1866) 1001; Coritico et al., J. Trop. Biol. & Cons. 19 (2022) 149; ≡ Mappa sinensis Baill., Étude Euphorb. (1858) 430. = Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 205; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 441. Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan. BATAN, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Apayao, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests and forested ravines. 400-1300m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Macaranga stonei Whitmore, Gen. Macaranga (2008) 247; Type: Soejarto, Fernando & Fernando 7957 (L, holo). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora. Notes: 200-300m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
Macaranga sylvatica Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 431; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 443; Type: Elmer 9388. = Macaranga cuernosensis Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 429; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 440; Type: Elmer 9549. = Macaranga ramiflora Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 433; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 442; Type: Elmer 8108. = Macaranga montana Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 394; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 442; Type: Merrill 8076. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. (500-)1000-1200(-2200)m. Native.
Macaranga tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 15(2.2) (1866) 997; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 295; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 443; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 987; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 11; Cañeda et al., Davao Research J. 16 (2025) 91; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; ≡ Ricinus tanarius L., Herb. Amboin. (Linn.) (1754) 14; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 111. = Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa (Blume) Müll.Arg., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 15(2.2) (1866) 997; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 443; ≡ Mappa tomentosa Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 624. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Borneo, China, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand. BABUYAN ISLS, BANTAYAN (photos), BASILAN, BATAN, BILIRAN, BUSUANGA, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, CULION, DALUPIRI, DONDONAY, GUIMARAS, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Pampanga, Pangasinan (photos), Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Occidental, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Misamis Occidental, Sultan Kudarat (photos), Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PAMALICAN, PANAY, SABTANG, SAMAR, SEMIRARA, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN, TABLAS. Notes: Throughout the Philippines, characteristic of thickets and second-growth forests at sea level and low and medium elevation. 0-2100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Mallotus Lour.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 10 June 2026

Mallotus cauliflorus Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 399; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 433. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao (photos), Cagayan, Camarines. Notes: In primary forests at low elevation. 80m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Mallotus connatus M.Aparicio, Blumea 52 (2007) 54; Type: Mahyar et al. 1197 (L, holo; A, SING, iso), Borneo: Kalimantan, Sintang, HPH Km 86. ≠ Mallotus moritzianus auct. non Müll.Arg.; Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 402. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 30-200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Mallotus cumingii Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 195; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 11; ≡ Neotrewia cumingii (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 VII) (1914) 212; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 437. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. BATAN, CEBU, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Nueva Ecija, ?Nueva Vizcaya (photos), Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: In Luzon from Cagayan to Sorsogon. In thickets and forests at low and medium elevation, often common. 0-1000(-1660)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Mallotus floribundus (Blume) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 187; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 433; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 113; ≡ Adisca floribunda Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 610. Distribution: Borneo, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Quezon, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SAMAR. Notes: 150-350m (photos) to 500(-933)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Mallotus korthalsii Müll.Arg., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 15(2.2) (1866) 976; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 433; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 115. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi. ALABAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Quezon, MINDANAO: Lanao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Lowland forests. 0-400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Mallotus lackeyi Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1298; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 433; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 114. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), PALAWAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-800(-2693)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Mallotus leucocalyx Müll.Arg., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 15(2.2) (1866) 970; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 434; S.E.C.Sierra et al., Blumea 52 (2007) 75; Type: Unit. Stat. Explor. Exped. s.n. (G-DC, holo; GH, US, iso), Mindanao: Caldera. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-650m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Mallotus minimifructus S.E.C.Sierra, Blumea 52 (2007) 79; Type: S (Y.P. Ching) 62305 (L, holo; CGE, K, KEP, SAN, iso), Borneo: Sarawak, Ulu Sungai Kebhor. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi. BOHOL, LUZON: Batangas, Pangasinan, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, SAMAR. Notes: 0-800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Mallotus miquelianus (Scheff.) Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. (Boerlage) 3 (1900) 290; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 434; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 114; ≡ Rottlera miqueliana Scheff., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4 (1869) 124. = Mallotus anisophyllus Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 436. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Mallotus mollissimus (Geiseler) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 297; Euph. Born. (1975) 165; ≡ Croton mollissimus Geiseler, Croton. Monogr. (1807) 73. = Mallotus ricinoides (Pers.) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 187; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 436; ≡ Croton ricinoides Pers., Syn. Pl. (Pers.) 2 (1807) 586. = Mallotus confusus Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 559; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 433. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, BATAN, BATANES, BILIRAN, BOHOL, BORACAY (photos), CAGAYAN DE SULU, CALAYAN, CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CATANDUANES, CEBU, CULION, GUIMARAS, ITBAYAT, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija (photos), Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, South Cotabato, Surigao, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, PANGULASIAN, POLILLO, SAMAL, SAMAR, TABLAS. Notes: Widespread in the Philippines in most islands and provinces, usually very common in second-growth forests. 0-2200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) Kulju & Welzen, Blumea 52 (2007) 124; ≡ Trewia nudiflora L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1193; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 431; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 134. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. Notes: 0-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Mallotus paniculatus (Lam.) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 189; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 434; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 114; ≡ Croton paniculatus Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 2 (1786) 207. = Croton appendiculatus Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 312, nom. illeg., non Hort. Veitch.; Type: Elmer 9215 (L, lecto; NY, US, W, Z, isolecto), Luzon: Tayabas, Lucban. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand to China and Taiwan. BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, CEBU (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
- var. paniculatus. Distribution: LUZON: Quezon. Notes: Widespread in the Philippines in most islands and provinces. Low and medium elevation forests, often abundant. 0-1800m. Native.
Mallotus peltatus (Geiseler) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 187; ≡ Aleurites peltatus Geiseler, Croton. Monogr. (1807) 81. = Mallotus oblongifolius (Miq.) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 192; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2(1973) 116; ≡ Rottlera oblongifolia Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2) (1859) 396. = Mallotus odoratus Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1299; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 434. = Mallotus alternifolius Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 395. = Mallotus camiguinensis Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 397. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BABUYAN ISLS, CALAYAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Rizal, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland dry forests. 0-1000(-1800)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 196; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 435; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; ≡ Croton philippensis Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 2 (1786) 206. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Pacific Ocean, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BANTAYAN, BATAN, BORACAY (photos), CALAYAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CATANDUANES, DALUPIRI, GUIMARAS, ITBAYAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, OLANGO, PALAWAN, PANAY, PUJADA, SABTANG, SAMAR. Notes: Throughout the Philippines in sea level and lowland thickets, secondary forests, forest fringes and open sites. 0-1600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Mallotus repandus (Rottler) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 197; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 435; ≡ Croton repandus Rottler, Neue Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 4 (1803) 206; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 842 (US, neo; A, GH, L, NY, P, isoneo), Luzon: Rizal. Distribution: Australia, India to China and Taiwan, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BOHOL, BORACAY (photos), CATANDUANES, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, OLANGO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Throughout the Philippines in thickets and second-growth forests. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Mallotus resinosus (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 222; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 436; ≡ Adelia resinosa Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 562. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BACUIT ISLS (photos), BALABAC, BASILAN, GUIMARAS, LAGEN, LUBANG, LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Pampanga, Pangasinan (photos), Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Lanao del Norte (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO. Notes: In Luzon from Cagayan to Sorsogon. Common in second-growth forests. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Mallotus tiliifolius (Blume) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 190; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 436; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 114; ≡ Rottlera tiliifolia Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 607. = Mallotus playfairii Hemsl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26 (1894) 441. = Mallotus papillaris (Blanco) Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 238; Fl. Manila (1912) 294; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 434; ≡ Adelia papillaris Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 562. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand. BALABAC, BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Isabela, NCR, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, MARINDUQUE, MINASAWA, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, Surigao, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NARANJO ISLS, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SIBUTU, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Throughout the Philippines in coastal thickets, never inland. 0-350m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Manihot Mill. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 1 June 2025

Manihot carthagenensis (Jacq.) Müll.Arg., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 15(2.2) (1866) 1073; ≡ Jatropha carthagenensis Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. (1760) 32. Distribution: America, Caribbean. MINDANAO: South Cotabato (photos). Notes: Noli Mark Alcordo (1-Jun-25): Naturalized in South Cotabato. Naturalized.
- ssp. glaziovii (Müll.Arg.) Allem, Novon 11 (2001) 160; ≡ Manihot glaziovii Müll.Arg., Fl. Bras. (Martius) 11(2) (1874) 446; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 297; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 450. Distribution: Java, New Guinea. Naturalized.
Manihot esculenta Crantz, Inst. Rei Herb. 1 (1766) 167; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 18. = Manihot utilissima Pohl, Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1 (1826) 32; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 297; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 450. Distribution: America. LUZON: Isabela (photos), Quezon (photos), PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Cassava. Naturalized.

Megistostigma Hook.f.

Megistostigma cordatum Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 563; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 446. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra. SAMAR. Native.

Melanolepis Rchb.f. & Zoll.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 22 June 2026

Melanolepis multiglandulosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Rchb. & Zoll., Linnaea 28 (1856) 324; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 431; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 118; Van Welzen et al., Blumea 44 (1999) 439; Cañeda et al., Davao Research J. 16 (2025) 91; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; ≡ Mallotus multiglandulosus (Reinw. ex Blume) Hurus., J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6 (1954) 308; ≡ Rottlera multiglandulosa Reinw. ex Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 609. = Mallotus moluccanus Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 185; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 292. = Melanolepis multiglandulosa var. pendula (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 432; ≡ Mallotus moluccanus var. pendulus Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 401. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand. APULIT, BASILAN, BATAN, CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU (photos), DALUPIRI, GUIMARAS, JOLO, LEYTE, LUBANG, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Pangasinan (photos), Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Tarlac, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao Occidental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIASI, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TICAO. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Sea level and Low and medium elevation thickets and second-growth forests. Common. Alim. 0-300(-1335)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Moultonianthus Merr.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 13 January 2020

Moultonianthus leembruggianus (Boerl. & Koord.) Steenis, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 17 (1948) 405; Van Welzen, Blumea 40 (1995) 387; ≡ Erismanthus leembruggianus Boerl. & Koord., Syst. Verz. (Koord.-Schum.) 2 (1914) 30; Type: from Sumatra. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra. DINAGAT. Notes: 10-670m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Neoscortechinia Pax

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 October 2017

Neoscortechinia nicobarica (Hook.f.) Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 XIV) (1919) 53; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 39; Van Welzen, Blumea 39 (1994) 314; ≡ Scortechinia nicobarica Hook.f., Hooker's Icon. Pl. 18 (1887) t.1706. = Neoscortechinia arborea (Elmer) Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 XIV) (1919) 52; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 456; ≡ Alchornea arborea Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1274. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. BALABAC, LUZON: Sorsogon, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Neoscortechinia philippinensis (Merr.) Welzen, Blumea 39 (1994) 316; ≡ Alcinaeanthus philippinensis Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 380; Type: R.S. Williams 2884 (NY, neo; A, NY, isoneo). = Neoscortechinia parvifolia (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 456; ≡ Alcinaeanthus parvifolius Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 461. ≠ Neoscortechinia forbesii auct. non (Hook.f.) S.Moore; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 38. Distribution: Borneo, Java Sea, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra. BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Davao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Omphalea L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser & Joaquin Almoro, 2 March 2025

Omphalea bracteata (Blanco) Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 230; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 457; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 121; Gillespie, A revision and phylogenetic analysis of Omphalea (Euphorbiaceae) (1988) 153; ≡ Tragia bracteata Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 480; Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 1061 (PNH, neo, lost; A, F, L, NY, US, isoneo), Luzon; Rizal, Aug-1917. = Omphalea grandifolia Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 574; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 457; Type: BS 30813 Ramos & Edaño (K, lecto; US, isolecto), Panay: Capiz, Mt Macosolon, 23-Apr-1918. = Omphalea malayana Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 71; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 458; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 121; Type: from Borneo. = Omphalea philippinensis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 236; Type: Merrill 1716 (?PNH, syn, lost), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo, Mar-1903; BS 3270 Ramos (PHN, syn, lost; NY, isosyn), Luzon: Rizal, Mt Santander, Jun-1907; Whitford 821 (?PNH, syn, lost), Luzon: Tayabas, Sep-1904. Distribution: Borneo, Laos, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand. CATANDUANES, LAGEN, LUZON: Aurora, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, TABLAS. Notes: Lowland primary forests. 0-500(-1000)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Incertae sedis

Omphalea sargentii Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 574; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 458; Type: Weber 41 (A, iso), Bancalan: 2-Sep-1916. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi. BANCALAN. Notes: P.B. Pelser (2-Mar-25): Considered a synonym of Omphalea bracteata by Gillespie (1988), but accepted by Gillespie in Van Welzen & Chayamarit (see Literature section) with the note that it is difficult to distinguish from Omphalea bracteata without fruits. Native.

Pachystylidium Pax & K.Hoffm.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 18 September 2022

Pachystylidium hirsutum (Blume) Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 IX) (1919) 108; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 446; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23 (1969) 115; Kew Bull 26 (1971) 311; ≡ Tragia hirsuta Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 630; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 446. = Tragia hirsuta var. irritans (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 446; ≡ Pachystylidium hirsutum var. irritans (Merr.) Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 IX) (1919) 108; ≡ Tragia irritans Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 491; Type: FB 2910 Borden, Luzon: Bataan, Lamao River, Mar-1905. Distribution: Java, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand. CORON, LUZON: Bataan, La Union, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Native.

Paracroton Miq.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 September 2024

Paracroton pendulus (Hassk.) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2) (1859) 382; ≡ Fahrenheitia pendula (Hassk.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1967) 410; Kew Bull 26 (1972) 270; Euph. Born. (1975)114; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 97; ≡ Croton pendulus Hassk., Pl. Jav. Rar. (Hasskarl) (1848) 266; Type: from Java. Distribution: BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, MINDORO, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
- ssp. pendulus. = Ostodes macrophylla (Müll.Arg.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks., Index Kew. 2 (1895) 382; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 454; ≡ Tritaxis macrophylla Müll.Arg., Flora 47 (1864) 482. = Ostodes serratocrenata Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 283; Type: Klemme FB 7078 (syn), Luzon: Cagayan, San Vicente; FB 11271 (syn), Luzon: Cagayan, Aparre. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, ?Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand. LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: In shaded primary evergreen and mixed deciduous forest. Native.

Pimelodendron Hassk.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 August 2025

Pimelodendron griffithianum (Müll.Arg.) Benth. ex Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1888) 468; Djarwaningsih, Blumea 49 (2004) 415; ≡ Stomatocalyx griffithianus Müll.Arg., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 15(2.2) (1866) 1142. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Thailand. TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-900m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Plukenetia L.

Plukenetia corniculata Sm., Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal., 2nd Ser. 6 (1799) 4; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 447; Gillespie, Syst. Bot. 32 (2007) 794; ≡ Pterococcus corniculatus (Sm.) Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 IX) (1919) 22; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 82. Distribution: Borneo, Himalayas, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Bataan, Rizal. Notes: Low and medium elevation, in old clearings. 50-550m. Native.

Ptychopyxis Miq.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 15 December 2020

Ptychopyxis bacciformis Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23 (1942) 49; Stoops & Van Welzen, Nordic J. Bot. 31 (2013) 97; Van Welzen et al., Gard. Bull. Singapore 72 (2020) 155; Type: from Borneo. = Ptychopyxis philippina Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23 (1942) 49; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 14 (1960) 372; Type: Wenzel 2710 (A, syn), Mindanao: Surigao; Wenzel 3501 (A, syn), Mindanao: Surigao. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Vietnam. MINDANAO: Surigao, Surigao del Norte, SAMAR. Notes: 0-500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Van Welzen et al. 2020). Native.

Reutealis Airy Shaw (Endemic)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 18 September 2022

Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1967) 395; Stuppy et al., Blumea 44 (1999) 86; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 18; ≡ Aleurites trispermus Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 755, as 'trisperma'; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 290; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 448. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU, LUZON: Batangas, Camarines, Cavite, La Union, Laguna, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests, widely scattered, sometimes planted. Naturalized in Java (Stuppy et al. 1999) and also grown elsewhere. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.

Ricinus L. (Not native)

Ricinus communis L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1007; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 296; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 447. Distribution: Africa. LUZON: Mountain Province, PALAWAN, TABLAS. Naturalized.

Shirakiopsis Esser

Shirakiopsis sanchezii (Merr.) Esser, Blumea 41 (1999) 189; ≡ Sapium sanchezii Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 402; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 461. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines. MINDANAO: Cotabato, Lanao, Surigao, Surigao del Norte. Notes: Thickets and forests along or near the seashore. 0m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Spathiostemon Blume

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 3 January 2025

Spathiostemon javensis Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 622; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1966) 45; Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 4 (1975) 196; Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8 (1980) 202; Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 35; Alph. Enum. Euphor. Philip. Isl. (1983) 45; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 132; Van Welzen, Blumea 43 (1998) 146; ≡ Homonoia javensis (Blume) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 200; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 447; Merrill, PJS 11c (1916) 283; Backer & Bakh.f., Fl. Java 1 (1963) 492; Type: from Java. = Homonoia javensis var. ciliata Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 391; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 447; Type: FB 7246 Everett, Negros: Negros Occidental, Cauayan. = Mallotus eglandulosus Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 313; Type: Elmer 7152 (PNH, holo, lost; A, K, NY, iso), Leyte: Leyte, Palo. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. BATAN, BOHOL, CAGRARAY, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland primary and secondary forests, often on limestone. Fl. & fr. Jan-Dec. 0-670m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Stillingia Garden ex L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 October 2017

Stillingia lineata (Lam.) Müll.Arg., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 15(2.2) (1866) 1157; Esser, Blumea 44 (1999) 194; ≡ Sapium lineatum Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 2 (1788) 734. Distribution: DALUPIRI, MINDORO. Notes: 0-300m. Native.
- ssp. pacifica (Müll.Arg.) Steenis, Blumea Suppl. 5 (1966) 302; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 27 (1972) 93; Kew Bull. 37 (1982) 35; Esser, Blumea 44 (1999) 195; ≡ Stillingia pacifica Müll.Arg., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 15(2.2) (1866) 1156; Type: from Fiji. = Sapium plumerioides Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23 (1942) 507; Type: Bartlett 15167 (A, holo), Babuyan Isls: Dalupiri. Distribution: Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Pacific Ocean, Philippines. DALUPIRI. Notes: In Malesia only known from coastal forest and coconut plantation on coral soil, but poorly known. 0-300m. Native.

Strophioblachia Boerl.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 19 July 2026

Strophioblachia fimbricalyx Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. (Boerlage) 3 (1900) 236; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 455; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euphorb. Philip. Is. (1983) 45; Thin et al., Blumea 43 (1998) 485. Distribution: Cambodia, China, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand, Vietnam. BONGAO, BUYAYAO (photos), JOLO, LUZON: La Union, Pangasinan, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Of typical dry monsoon distribution. Secondary and edges of primary semi-deciduous forests, thickets near the seashore. On rocky, calcareous and sandy soils. Fl. & fr. throughout the year (but less so in Nov-Jan). 0-350m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Sumbaviopsis J.J.Sm.

Sumbaviopsis albicans (Blume) J.J.Sm., Bijdr. Boomsoort. Java 12 (1910) 357; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 428; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 132; Van Welzen, Blumea 44 (1999) 428; ≡ Adisca albicans Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 611. Distribution: Borneo, India, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. PALAWAN. Notes: 0-800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Suregada Roxb. ex Rottler

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser 9 August 2026

Suregada glomerulata (Blume) Baill., Étude Euphorb. (1858) 396; Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 198; ≡ Gelonium glomerulatum (Blume) Hassk., Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. (Hasskarl) (1844) 237; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 455; ≡ Erythrocarpus glomerulatus Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 605. = Suregada subglomerata (Elmer) Croizat, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 17 (1942) 216; ≡ Gelonium subglomerulatum Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1292. = Gelonium pulgarense Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1293; Type: Elmer 13819, Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, May-1911. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. ALABAT, BANTAYAN (photos), BASILAN, BATAN, BOHOL, CEBU, DINAGAT (photos), GOLO, JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PAMALICAN, PANAY, PONEAS, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TABLAS, TATAAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. 36m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Suregada meliocarpa (Elmer) Croizat, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 17 (1942) 216; ≡ Gelonium meliocarpum Elmer, LPB 3 (1910) 919; Type: Elmer 12357 (syn), Sibuyan: Magallanes, Mt Giting-giting, Apr-1910; Elmer 12075 (syn), Sibuyan: Magallanes, Mt Giting-giting, Mar-1910. = Suregada philippinensis (Pax & K.Hoffm.) Croizat, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 17 (1942) 216; ≡ Gelonium philippinense Pax & K.Hoffm., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV (147 IV) (1912) 22; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 456. = Gelonium mindanaense Elmer, LPB 7 (1915) 2640; Type: Elmer 13413 (syn), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Aug-1912; Elmer 14038 (syn), Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Aug-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, BORACAY (photos), LEYTE (photos), LUZON: ?Aurora (photos), La Union (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao de Oro (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), PANAY (photos), SIBUYAN. Notes: H.-J. Esser (5-Nov-22): Luzon to Mindanao and Basilan, but absent from Palawan. 750m (photos). Native.
Suregada racemulosa (Merr.) Croizat, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 17 (1942) 216; ≡ Gelonium racemulosum Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 281; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 456; Type: For. Bur. 9260 Whitford & Hutchinson (syn), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Port Banga, Jan-1908; For. Bur. 9349 Whitford & Hutchison (syn), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Port Banga, Jan-1908. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay. Notes: 20-30m. Native.
Suregada stenophylla (Merr.) Croizat, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd Sér. 17 (1942) 216; ≡ Gelonium stenophyllum Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 30; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 252; Type: Loher 13345, Luzon: Rizal Prov. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal, Zambales, PALAWAN. Native.

Triadica Lour.

Triadica cochinchinensis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 610; Esser, Blumea 44 (1999) 201. = Sapium discolor (Champ. ex Benth.) Müll.Arg., Linnaea 32 (1863) 121; Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 192; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 44; Merrill, PJS 30 (1926) 404; ≡ Stillingia discolor Champ. ex Benth., Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 6 (1854) 1. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. PALAWAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 10-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Trigonostemon Blume

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 7 November 2022

Trigonostemon filiformis Quisumb., PJS 41 (1930) 328; Yu & Van Welzen, Blumea 62 (2018) 194; Yu et al., Taxon 68 (2019) 927; Blumea 65 (2020) 13; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 11; Type: M.S. Clemens 16751 (NY, lecto, lost; A, UC, isolecto), Luzon: Isabela, Mt Moises. = Trigonostemon stenophyllus Quisumb., PJS 41 (1930) 330; Yu & Van Welzen, Blumea 62 (2018) 225; Type: BS 47331 Ramos & Edaño (PNH, holo, lost; A, K, NY, UC, iso), Luzon: Isabela, Mt Moises. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. HOMONHON, LUZON: Aurora, Isabela. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Trigonostemon laevigatus Müll.Arg., Flora 47 (1864) 538; Airy Shaw, Euph. Born. (1975) 203; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 135; Yu & Van Welzen, Blumea 62 (2018) 195; Yu et al., Taxon 68 (2019) 930; Type: from Borneo (lecto). = Trigonostemon everettii Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 408; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 451; Type: Everett FB 7257 (PNH, holo, lost; A, iso), Negros: Mt Silay. = Trigonostemon anomalus Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 569; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 451; Type: Villamil FB 22018 (PNH, holo, lost; A, US, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga District, Naganaga. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, PALAWAN. Notes: 30-1300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
- var. laevigatus. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, PALAWAN. Notes: 30-600m. Native.
Trigonostemon longifolius Baill. ex Müll.Arg., Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 15(2.2) (1866) 1108; Baill., Etud. Gen. Euph. 341 (1858) t. 11, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Yu & Van Welzen, Blumea 62 (2018) 197; Yu et al., Taxon 68 (2019) 929; Type: from Malaysia. = Trigonostemon longipedunculatus (Elmer) Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1306; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 452; ≡ Croton longipedunculatus Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 311; Type: Elmer 7264 (PNH, holo; A, BO, E, G, K, iso), Leyte: Leyte, Palo. = Trigonostemon oblanceolatus C.B.Rob., PJS 6c (1911) 337; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 452; Type: Williams 2185 (PNH, holo; K, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga District, Sax River. = Trigonostemon longipedunculatus var. mollis R.I.Milne, Kew Bull. 50 (1995) 40; Type: from Borneo. Distribution: Borneo, China, India, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Bataan (photos), MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Notes: 15-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Trigonostemon longipes (Merr.) Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 191; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 452; Yu & Van Welzen, Blumea 62 (2018) 199; Yu et al., Taxon 68 (2019) 927; Blumea 65 (2020) 16; ≡ Dimorphocalyx longipes Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 82; Type: Whitford FB 1066 (K, lecto; NY, P, US, iso), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MASBATE, MINDORO. Notes: 175-460m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Trigonostemon merrillii Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1304; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 452; Yu & Van Welzen, Blumea 62 (2018) 203; Yu et al., Taxon 68 (2019) 929; Blumea 65 (2020) 16; Type: Elmer 12819 (L, lecto; BISH, BM, BO, F, G, HBG, MO, NY, US, isolecto), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO, PALAWAN. Notes: 15-80m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.
Trigonostemon oblongifolius Merr., PJS 7c (1912) 409; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 452; Yu & Van Welzen, Blumea 62 (2018) 203; Yu et al., Taxon 68 (2019) 929; Type: Ramos BS 13965 (PNH, holo, lost; A, US, iso), Luzon: Cagayan, Abulug River. = Trigonostemon luzoniensis Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 568; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 452; Type: Ramos & Edaño PNH 33539 (PNH, holo, lost; A, K, iso), Luzon: Camarines, Paracale. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela (photos). Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Trigonostemon palustris R.Y.Yu & Welzen, Blumea 65 (2020) 20; Type: Yu 260 (PNH, holo; DLSUH, L, iso), Palawan: El Nido, trail to the Nakalit-kalit Waterfalls, 2-Apr-2018. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: 25m. Native.
Trigonostemon philippinensis Stapf, LPB 1 (1907) 206, as 'philippinense'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 452; Yu & Van Welzen, Blumea 62 (2018) 206; Yu et al., Taxon 68 (2019) 930; Type: Elmer 8326 (PNH, holo, lost; BO, G, K, L, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Los Baños. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Batangas, Camarines, Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests at low and medium elevation. Locally abundant. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Trigonostemon polyanthus Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 492; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 452; Yu & Van Welzen, Blumea 62 (2018) 207; Yu et al., Taxon 68 (2019) 928; Type: Ramos BS 1645 (PNH, holo, lost; BM, BO, BRI, G, GH, L, NY, P, SING, iso), Samar: Cauayan Valley. = Trigonostemon diffusus ssp. condensus R.I.Milne, Kew Bull. 50 (1995) 47; Type: Lagrimas et al. PNH 39433 (K, holo; L, PNH lost, iso), Luzon: Camarines Norte, Ilyang Binuauangan. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, LUZON: Camarines Norte, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests at low elevation. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Trigonostemon victoriae R.Y.Yu & Welzen, Blumea 62 (2018) 215; Yu et al., Taxon 68 (2019) 928; Blumea 65 (2020) 20; Type: Sulit PNH 12317 (L, holo; PNH, iso), Palawan: Mt Victoria, Panacan, Aborlan. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: 78-195m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Trigonostemon villosus Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 397; Yu & Van Welzen, Blumea 62 (2018) 215; Yu et al., Taxon 68 (2019) 928; Type: from Malaysia. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: 10-900m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
- var. borneensis (Merr.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 4 (1975) 205; ≡ Trigonostemon borneensis Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 162; Type: from Borneo. = Trigonostemon hirsutus C.B.Rob., PJS 6c (1911) 335; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 451; Type: Robinson BS 11798 (PNH, holo, lost), Mindanao: Zamboanga District, Port Banga. = Trigonostemon wenzelii Merr., PJS 8c (1913) 380; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 453; Type: Wenzel 186 (PNH, holo, lost; A, G, GH, L, US, iso), Leyte: Dagami. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Zamboanga, PALAWAN. Native.
- var. merrillianus (Airy Shaw) R.Y.Yu & Welzen, Blumea 62 (2018) 220; Yu et al., Blumea 65 (2020) 23; ≡ Trigonostemon merrillianus Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25 (1971) 549; Type: from Borneo. = Trigonostemon acuminatus Merr., PJS 11c (1916) 190; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 451; Type: Ramos BS 24528 (PNH, holo, lost; A, BM, BO, K, L, US, iso), Samar: Catubig River. = Trigonostemon laxiflorus Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 567; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 451; Type: Ramos & Edaño BS 31097 (PNH, holo, lost; A, K, P, US, lost), Panay: Capiz, Jamindan. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. LUZON: Aurora (photos), MINDANAO: Surigao del Sur (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: 50-900m. Native.
Trigonostemon viridissimus (Kurz) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 25 (1971) 545; Euph. Born. (1975) 205; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 135; Yu & Van Welzen, Blumea 62 (2018) 221; Yu et al., Taxon 68 (2019) 930; ≡ Sabia viridissima Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 41 (1872) 304; Type: from India. = Trigonostemon macgregorii Merr., PJS 16 (1920) 566; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 452; Type: McGregor BS 32424 (PNH, holo, lost; K, P, US, iso), Panay: Antique, Culasi. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, China, India, Indochina, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. LUBANG, LUZON: Laguna, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: 0-450m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
- var. viridissimus. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. LUBANG, NEGROS (photos), PANAY. Notes: 0-450m. Native.

Incertae sedis

Trigonostemon angustifolius Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 396; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 451; Yu & Van Welzen, Blumea 62 (2018) 224; Type: Ramos & Edaño BS 36764 (of 36560) (PNH, holo, lost; A, K, US, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga District, Malangas. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO. Notes: Only known from the type. Native.
Trigonostemon whiteanus (Croizat) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 38 (1983) 68; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 48; Yu & Van Welzen, Blumea 62 (2018) 225; ≡ Cheilosa whiteana Croizat, J. Arnold Arbor. 23 (1942) 507; Type: Curran FB 17733 (A, holo; K, iso), Luzon: Pampanga, Mt Arayat. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. Notes: Only known from the type. Native.

Tritaxis Baill.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 31 October 2023

Tritaxis cumingii (Müll.Arg.) Benth., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 17 (1878) 221; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 449; Yu et al., Taxon 68 (2019) 932; ≡ Dimorphocalyx cumingii (Müll.Arg.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 23 (1969) 124; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 20; ≡ Trigonostemon cumingii Müll.Arg., Linnaea 34 (1865) 213; Type: Cuming 1693 (G-DC, holo; BM, E, G, K, L, P, iso), Samar. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, SAMAR. Notes: 300m. Native.
Tritaxis denticulata (Merr.) R.Y.Yu & Welzen, Taxon 68 (2019) 932; ≡ Dimorphocalyx denticulatus Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 278; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 455; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 20; Type: Whitford & Hutchinson FB 9033 (PNH, holo, lost; K, US, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Port Banga, Nov/Dec-1907. = Dimorphocalyx murinus Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1285, as 'murina'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 455; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 87; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 21; Type: Elmer 12844 (L, lecto; BM, G, GH, HBG, K, L, NY, P, U, US, isolecto), Palawan: Puerto Princesa (Mt Pulgar). = Dimorphocalyx loheri Merr., PJS 27 (1925) 30; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 252; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 20; Type: Loher 12467 (UC, lecto; A, isolecto), Luzon: Rizal, Montalban. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines. LUZON, MINDANAO, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species (as Dimorphocalyx denticulatus). Native.
Tritaxis ixoroides (C.B.Rob.) R.Y.Yu & Welzen, Taxon 68 (2019) 932; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 18; ≡ Dimorphocalyx ixoroides (C.B.Rob.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20 (1967) 412; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 20; ≡ Ostodes ixoroides C.B.Rob., PJS 6c (1911) 332; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 454; Type: Klemme FB 13426 (PNH, holo, lost; US, iso), Luzon: Ilocos Norte, Bangui. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora (photos), SAMAR. Notes: 435m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
Tritaxis malayana (Hook.f.) R.Y.Yu & Welzen, Taxon 68 (2019) 933; Malabrigo et al., Flora of Mt Mantalingahan Protected Landscape (2023) 14; ≡ Dimorphocalyx malayanus Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 5 (1887) 404; Type: from Malaysia (lecto). = Dimorphocalyx luzoniensis Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 192; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 455; Whitmore, Tree Fl. Malaya 2 (1973) 87; Airy Shaw, Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 21; Type: Tamesis FB 11907 (K, lecto; US, isolecto), Luzon: Laguna, Los Baños. = Dimorphocalyx bulusanensis (Elmer) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 27 (1972) 92; Alphab. Enum. Euph. Philip. (1983) 20; ≡ Trigonostemon bulusanensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3739; Type: Elmer 17296 (PNH, holo, lost; HBG, K, L, MO, NY, S, U, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin (Mt Bulusan). Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Thailand. LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, PALAWAN, TABLAS. Notes: 100-500m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Wetria Baill.

Wetria insignis (Steud.) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 26 (1972) 350; Kew Bull. 27 (1972) 87; Euph. Born. (1975) 206; Euph. New Guinea (1980) 207; Van Welzen, Blumea 43 (1998) 157; ≡ Trewia insignis Steud., Nomencl. Bot. (Steudel), 2nd Ed. 2 (1841) 698. = Agrostistachys pubescens Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 274; Pax in Engl., Pflanzenreich 57 (1912) 99; Type: FB 5940 Curran (US, iso), Luzon: Bataan, Mabayo, in bamboo thickets along streams, Jan-1907. = Wetria macrophylla J.J.Sm., Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 10 (1910) 471, nom. illeg., nom. superfl.; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 437; ≡ Trewia macrophylla Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1826) 612, nom. illeg., non Roth. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. BANCALAN, LUZON: Bataan, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland bamboo thickets and forests. 5-650(-1830)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

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