Moraceae

Allaeanthus Thwaites

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 October 2025
  1. Allaeanthus luzonicus (Blanco) Fern.-Vill., Fl. Filip., 3rd Ed. 4(Nov. App.) (1880) 198; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 37; ≡ Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco) Bureau, Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 17 (1873) 224; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 19 (1962) 235; Cañeda et al., Davao Research J. 16 (2025) 91; ≡ Morus luzonica Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 703. = Broussonetia luzoniensis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 2nd Ed. (1845) 488; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 3 (1879) 107. = Broussonetia luzonica (Blanco) Bureau var. glabra (Warb.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 19 (1962) 235; ≡ Allaeanthus luzonicus var. glaber (Warb.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 37; ≡ Allaeanthus glaber Warb., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 166. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. BASILAN, BORACAY (photos), LUZON: Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur (photos), Cavite, Isabela (photos), La Union, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Davao Occidental, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAUI, PANAY (photos). Notes: N Luzon to Mindanao and Basilan. Sea-level up to medium elevation thickets and secondary forests. 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Antiaris Lesch.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 12 June 2023
  1. Antiaris toxicaria (J.F.Gmel.) Lesch., Ann. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 16 (1810) 478; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 44; ≡ Ipo toxicaria (J.F.Gmel.) Pers., Syn. Pl. (Pers.) 2 (1807) 566; ≡ Cestrum toxicarium J.F.Gmel., Syst. Nat., 13th Ed. (1792) 1524. Distribution: Africa, Andaman Isls, Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Madagascar, Malay Peninsula, Middle East, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. GUIMARAS, LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan, MALAMAWI, MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. macrophylla (R.Br.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 19 (1962) 248; ≡ Antiaris macrophylla R.Br., Voy. Terra Austral. 2 (1814) 602. Distribution: Australia, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls. GUIMARAS, LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan, MINDORO. Notes: Forests at low and medium elevation, very local. 0-800m. Native.

Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 May 2026
  1. Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 31 (1941) 95; Zerega et al., Syst. Bot. 30 (2005) 611; Gardner & Zerega, Gard. Bull. Singapore 73 (2021) 328; ≡ Sitodium altile Parkinson, J. Voy. South Seas (1773) 45; Type: from Pacific Ocean. = Artocarpus communis J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., Char. Gen. Pl., 2nd Ed. (1776) 102; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 176; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 40; Jarrett, J. Arnold Arb. 40 (1959) 307; Type: Forster s.n. (BM, lecto). = Radermachia incisa Thunb., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 37 (1776) 253; ≡ Artocarpus incisus (Thunb.) L.f., Suppl. Pl. (1782) 411; Type: from Java. = Artocarpus rima Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 671; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 603 (US, neo, BO, isolecto), Luzon: Manila, Mar-1914. = Artocarpus laevis Hassk., Flora 25(Beibl.) (1842) 18; Type: from Java. Distribution: LAGEN, LUZON: Camarines Sur (photos), Zambales (photos), MINDANAO, PALAWAN. Notes: Luzon to Mindanao. Cultivated in most tropical countries, but here assumed to be non-native to the Philippines (Ragone 2018). Naturalized at low elevation in secondary forest. Breadfruit. Naturalized.
  2. Artocarpus anisophyllus Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 422; Gardner & Zerega, Gard. Bull. Singapore 73 (2021) 350; Type: from Sumatra. = Artocarpus superbus Becc., Nelle Foreste di Borneo (1902) 625; Merrill, PJS 18 (1921) 51; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 43; Type: from Sarawak. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Misamis Occidental, Zamboanga, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1300m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 40; Jarrett, J. Arnold Arb. 40 (1959) 301; Zerega et al., Syst. Bot. 35 (2010) 778; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3974; Gardner & Zerega, Gard. Bull. Singapore 73 (2021) 331; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 988; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 25; ≡ Artocarpus communis var. blancoi Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 617; Type: Borden 488 (FB 1672) (PNH, ?Lost), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, Lamao River, Aug-1904; BS 42018 Ramos (K, neo; L, US, isoneo), Luzon: Rizal, Feb-1928. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BATAN, CEBU, LUZON: Bataan, Ilocos Norte, Rizal, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Thickets and forests at sea level and low and medium elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Artocarpus camansi Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 670; Merr., Sp. Blanco. (1918) 124; Zerega et al., Syst. Bot. 30 (2005) 611; Syst. Bot. 35 (2010) 779; Gardner & Zerega, Gard. Bull. Singapore 73 (2021) 332; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 830 (US, neo; L, isoneo). = Artocarpus incisus var. muricata Becc., Nelle Foreste di Borneo (1902) 108; Type: from New Guinea. = Artocarpus leeuwenii Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 67 (1935) 175; Type: from New Guinea. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea. LUZON: Aurora (photos). Notes: Possibly naturalized. Naturalized.
  5. Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 481; Jarrett, J. Arnold Arb. 40 (1959) 346; Gardner & Zerega, Gard. Bull. Singapore 73 (2021) 347; Type: from Java. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  6. Artocarpus fretessii Teijsm. & Binn. ex Hassk., Abh. Naturf. Ges. Halle 9 (1866) 189; Jarrett, J. Arnold Arb. 41 (1960) 103; Zerega et al., Syst. Bot. 35 (2010) 779; Gardner & Zerega, Gard. Bull. Singapore 72 (2020) 200. = Artocarpus leytensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 279; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 42; Type: Elmer 7244 (K, lecto; A, BO, E, NY, PNH lost, isolecto), Leyte: Leyte, Palo, Jan-1906. = Artocarpus paloensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 280; Type: Elmer 7244 (K, lecto; A, BO, E, NY), Leyte: Palo, Jan-1906. ≠ Artocarpus lacucha auct. non Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham.; Berg et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2006) 114. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi. BILIRAN, CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Surigao, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests. 0-660m. Native.
  7. Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trécul, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 3rd Sér. 8 (1847) 118; Jarrett, J. Arnold Arb. 41 (1960) 88; Gardner & Zerega, Gard. Bull. Singapore 72 (2020) 207; Type: from Myanmar. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. CAGAYAN DE SULU, LUZON: Zambales, MINDANAO: Cotabato. Notes: Low elevation. Native.
  8. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 3 (1789) 210; Jarrett, J. Arnold Arb. 40 (1959) 334; Type: from Mauritius. = Artocarpus philippensis Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 3 (1789) 210; Type: Sonnerat s.n. (P-JU, lecto), Philippines. = Artocarpus maximus Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 669, as 'maxima'; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 415 (PNH, neo, F, L, P, US, isoneo), Luzon: Camarines, Dec-1913. ≠ Artocarpus integer auct. non (Thunb.) Merr.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 176; EPFP 2 (1923) 41. Distribution: India. LUZON: Aurora (photos), Isabela (photos), Pangasinan (photos), MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos). Notes: Of prehistoric introduction to the Philippines where it is cultivated and thoroughly naturalized throughout the archipelago at low to medium elevation. Jackfruit. Naturalized.
  9. Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr., Interpr. Herb. Amboin. (1917) 190; Jarrett, J. Arnold Arb. 40 (1959) 329; Malabrigo et al., Flora of Mt Mantalingahan Protected Landscape (2023) 180; ≡ Radermachia integra Thunb., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 37 (1776) 254. Distribution: Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sulawesi, Sumatra. PALAWAN. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  10. Artocarpus lamellosus Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 667, as 'lamellosa'; Gardner & Zerega, Gard. Bull. Singapore 72 (2020) 188; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 25; Type: Merrill Species Blancoanae 100 (P, neo; A, BM, BO, F, GH, K, L, MO, isoneo), Luzon: Batangas, Aug-1914. = Artocarpus nitidus Trécul, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 3rd Sér. 8 (1847) 119, as 'nitida'; Jarrett, J. Arnold Arb. 41 (1960) 123; Type: Cuming 1078 (P, lecto; BM, E, K, MO, NY, P, SING, isolecto), Luzon: Albay, 1841. = Artocarpus lanceolatus Trécul, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 3rd Sér. 8 (1847) 121; Type: Callery 60 (P, lecto; P, isolecto), Luzon: Manila-Calauan, 1840. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Pangasinan, PANAY, SAMAR, SICOGON (photos), TABLAS. Notes: Lowland primary and secondary forests, in regions with rather marked dry seasons. 0-150m. Native.
  11. Artocarpus limpato Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 421; Zerega et al., Syst. Bot. 35 (2010) 779; ≡ Prainea limpato (Miq.) Beumée ex K.Heyne, Nutt. Pl. Ned.-Ind., 2nd Ed. 1 (1927) 579. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sumatra. PALAWAN. Notes: 0-600(-1200)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1, as Prainea limpato). Native.
  12. Artocarpus nigrescens Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 614; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 42; Gardner & Zerega, Gard. Bull. Singapore 73 (2021) 344; Type: Elmer 9795 (BM, lecto; A, BM, BO, E, L, MO, NY, US, isolecto), Negros: Negros Oriental, Dumaguete, Cuernos Mts, Apr-1908. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU, NEGROS. Notes: 0-762m. Native.
  13. Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 671; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 42; Gardner & Zerega, Gard. Bull. Singapore 73 (2021) 359; Type: Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 1019 (BM, neo; F, L, MO, NY, P, US, isoneo), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Calapan, May-1916. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Cotabato (photos), Lanao del Norte (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN (photos). Notes: Marang. 0-800m. Naturalized.
  14. Artocarpus ovatus Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 666; Jarrett, J. Arnold Arb. 41 (1960) 84; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3974; Gardner & Zerega, Gard. Bull. Singapore 72 (2020) 204; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 988; Type: Merrill SB 254 (BM, neo; A, BO, GH, K, L, NY, P, PNH, US, isoneo), Luzon: Rizal, Antipolo, Jan-1914. = Artocarpus acuminatissimus Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 49, as 'acuminatissima'; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 40; Type: FB 22777 De Mesa & Rosario (K, lecto; PNH lost, US, isolecto). = Artocarpus cumingianus Trécul, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 3rd Sér. 8 (1847) 119; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 40; Type: Cuming 1784 (P, holo; B, BM, CGE, K, iso), Cebu, 1841. ≠ Artocarpus lacucha auct. non Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham.; Berg et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2006) 114. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BALABAC, CATANDUANES, CEBU, DINAGAT, LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Kalinga, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN, TABLAS, TICAO. Notes: Forests, often common. 0-760m. Native.
  15. Artocarpus pinnatisectus Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 50; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 43; Jarrett, J. Arnold Arb. 40 (1959) 323; Zerega et al., Syst. Bot. 35 (2010) 778; Gardner & Zerega, Gard. Bull. Singapore 73 (2021) 344; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2439; Type: BS 20789 Escritor (US, lecto; K, isolecto), Luzon: Tayabas, Guinayangan, Mar-1913. = Artocarpus multifidus F.M.Jarrett, J. Arnold Arbor. 40 (1959) 324; Zerega et al., Syst. Bot. 35 (2010) 778; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 19; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 438; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 988; Type: PNH 6462 Sulit (PNH, holo; A, iso), Samar: Eastern Samar, Taft, Mt Calbiga, vicinity of Km 66, in dipterocarp forest, 250m, 25-May-1948. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, HOMONHON, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Quezon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Lowland forests. 60-700m. Native.
  16. Artocarpus rubrovenius Warb., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 166; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 43; Jarrett, J. Arnold Arb. 41 (1960) 114; Villanueva et al., Biodiversitas 23 (2022) 6497; Type: Warburg 12949 (B). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BATAN, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Camarines, Isabela, Laguna, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales (photos), ?MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 0-360m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  17. Artocarpus sericicarpus F.M.Jarrett, J. Arnold Arbor. 40 (1959) 350; Gardner & Zerega, Gard. Bull. Singapore 73 (2021) 346; Type: Merrill 2024 (US, holo; K, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Guinayangan, Jan/Apr-1903. ≠ Artocarpus elasticus auct. non Reinw. ex Blume; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 41. Distribution: Borneo, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi. BILIRAN, DINAGAT, LUZON: Camarines Sur, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental (photos), Misamis Oriental, Surigao del Norte (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: In Luzon from Quezon to Sorsogon. Low and medium elevation forests. Artocarpus sericicarpus was formerly regarded as identical with Artocarpus elasticus but differs in e.g. the scabrid upper leaf surface and the long hairs on the syncarp. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  18. Artocarpus subrotundifolius Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 281; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 43; Jarrett, J. Arnold Arb. 41 (1960) 108; Type: Elmer 7265 (PNH, holo, lost; K, lecto; A, BO, K, NY, iso). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Surigao, Surigao del Norte (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 0-300m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  19. Artocarpus treculianus Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 617; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 43; Jarrett, J. Arnold Arb. 40 (1959) 302; Gardner & Zerega, Gard. Bull. Singapore 73 (2021) 348; Type: Elmer 10406 (BM, lecto; A, BO, L, isolecto), Negros; Negros Oriental, Dumaguete, Cuernos Mts, Jun-1908. = Artocarpus ovatifolius Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 268; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 42; ≡ Artocarpus sorsogonensis Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 42, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Type: BS 15040 Ramos (BM, lecto; B,, US, isolecto), Luzon: San Antonio, Jun-1912. = Artocarpus ovatifolius var. dolichostachys Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 43; Type: Ramos 1603 (BM, lecto; BO, GH, L, NY, P, SING, isolecto), Samar: Apr-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BABUYAN ISLS, BATANES, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, Surigao, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, TICAO. Notes: Forests. 0-850m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 2.3). Native.
  20. Artocarpus vrieseanus Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 212; Jarrett, J. Arnold Arb. 41 (1960) 350. Distribution: MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO. Notes: 0-1000m. Native.
    • var. refractus (Becc.) F.M.Jarrett, J. Arnold Arbor. 41 (1960) 98; Gardner & Zerega, Gard. Bull. Singapore 72 (2020) 205; ≡ Artocarpus refractus Becc., Nelle Foreste di Borneo (1902) 630; Type: from Aru Isls. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga. Notes: Primary and secondary forests at low to medium elevation. Native.
  21. Artocarpus xanthocarpus Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 10; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 42; Jarrett, J. Arnold Arb. 41 (1960) 102; Williams et al., Annals of Botany 119 (2017) 622; Gardner & Zerega, Gard. Bull. Singapore 72 (2020) 194; Type: Whitford 367 (PNH, holo, lost; P, lecto; K, NY, US, isolecto). = Artocarpus lamellosa Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 667; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 41, excl. syn. Artocarpus nitidus. ≠ Artocarpus lanceolatus auct. non Trécul; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 42. ≠ Artocarpus rubrovenius auct. non Warb.; Merr., PJS 3 (1908) Bot. 401. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BATAN, BOHOL, CEBU (photos), LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PANAY (photos), SIQUIJOR. Native.

Broussonetia L’Her. ex Vent. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 13 June 2024
  1. Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent., Tabl. Regn. Vég. 3 (1799) 547; Pancho, Fl. Mt Makiling 1 (1983) 110; ≡ Morus papyrifera L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 986. Distribution: China, India, Japan, Myanmar, Pacific Ocean, Taiwan, Thailand. LUZON: Laguna (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte (photos). Notes: Invasive in the Philippines (Joshi 2006). Naturalized.

Castilla Cerv. (Not native)

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Castilla elastica Cerv., Supl. Gaz. Lit. (1794) 7. Notes: Not naturalized. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Fatoua Gaudich.

Edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 12 May 2025
  1. Fatoua villosa (Thunb.) Nakai, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 41 (1927) 516; ≡ Urtica villosa Thunb., Syst. Veg., 14th Ed. (1784) 851. = Fatoua pilosa Gaudich., Voy. Uranie (1830) 509; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 179; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 36. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, China, Japan, Java, Korea, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand. BOHOL, CEBU, LUZON: Batangas, Camarines Norte, Cavite (photos), Ilocos Sur, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte (photos), Maguindanao del Norte, Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO. Notes: N Luzon to Mindanao. In dry thickets, on walls, cliffs, etc. 0-1200m. Native.

Ficus L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 11 July 2026
  1. Ficus allutacea Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 457; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 58; Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 492. = Ficus areolata Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1252; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 45; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 339; Type: Elmer 10475 (L, MO, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo (Todaya), humid woods, 4000ft., May-1909. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Riau Arch, Sulawesi, Sumatra. MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato. Notes: Forests. 0-1220m. Native.
  2. Ficus altissima Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 444; Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867) 262; King, Sp. Ficus 1 (1887) 30; Merr., Bull. Bur. For. Philip. 1 (1903) 17; Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1243; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 44; Burkill, Dict. (1935) 1003; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 209; Backer, Bekn. Fl. Java (em. ed.) 6 (1948) fam. 129, p. 43. Distribution: Andaman Isls, China, India, Indochina, Java, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. ALABAT, LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Bataan, Camarines Sur, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Sur, Surigao, MINDORO. Notes: Forest. 0-1700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Ficus ampelos Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 226; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 44; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 288; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 459; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 67; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 210; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 11; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193. = Ficus irisana Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 45; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 55; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 243; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 69. = Ficus validicaudata Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 45; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 53; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 290; ≡ Ficus guyeri var. validicaudata (Merr.) Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 290; ≡ Ficus irisana var. validicaudata (Merr.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 464. = Ficus fastigiata Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 44; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 52; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 244. = Ficus todayensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1261; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 67; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 243; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 68. = Ficus guyeri Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 194; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 53, excl. syn; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 288; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 460. = Ficus guyeri Elmer var. sibuyanensis (Elmer) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 460; ≡ Ficus sibuyanensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1319; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 65; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 288. = Ficus tenuicuspidata Corner var. major Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 465. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan. ALABAT, BATAN, BATAN DE ALBAY, BATANES, BILIRAN, BOHOL, BUCAS GRANDE, CALAYAN, CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CATANDUANES, CEBU, DINAGAT, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUBANG, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Kalinga, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat (photos), Surigao, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN, TABLAS. Notes: Thickets and forests. 0-2400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  4. Ficus annulata Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 448; Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867) 261; King, Sp. Ficus 1 (1887) 25; Burkill, Dict. (1935) 1004; Corner, Wayside Trees (1940) 674; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 12; Backer, Bekn. Fl. Java (em. ed.) 6 (1948) fam. 129, p. 42; ≡ Urostigma annulata (Blume) Miq., Syst. Verz. (Zollinger) 2 (1854) 90; Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 352; Suppl. (1861) 440; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 625. = Ficus balabacensis Quisumb., PJS 41 (1930) 316; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 211; Type: BS 49863 Ramos & Edaño (NY, iso), Balabac: in forest along streams at low elevation, 1-Dec-1927. Distribution: Borneo, China, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BALABAC, LUZON: Camarines Sur, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, MINDANAO: Surigao, PALAWAN. Notes: Streamside forests. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  5. Ficus aurata (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 291; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 49; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 127; ≡ Covellia aurata Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 433. = Ficus aurata var. palawanensis Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 437. ≠ Ficus chrysocarpa auct. non Reinw. ex Blume; Quisumb., PJS 41 (1930) 317; Voucher: BS 77382 Edaño (SING). Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Riau Arch, Sumatra. BALABAC, PALAWAN. Notes: Forests, and particularly common in secondary growth. Forest near stream at low elevation in Balabac. According to C.C.Berg and Corner (2005), the entity described as var. palawanensis may lead to the recognition of a distinct (infraspecific) taxon as more materials are available for examination. 0-1400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  6. Ficus aurita Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 462; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 77; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 266. = Ficus celebica Reinw. ex Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 471. = Ficus hispidulosa Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2401; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 54; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 234. = Ficus aurita var. auriculifera (Merr.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 21 (1965) 480; ≡ Ficus auriculifera Merr., Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 15 (1929) 46. Distribution: Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Davao de Oro, Misamis Oriental (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Forests at medium elevation. 0-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  7. Ficus bakeri Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2402; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 45; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 348; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 59; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 549. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: Lowland and montane forests. 0-1100m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  8. Ficus balete Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 55; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 45; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 187; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 23; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 628. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDORO, PANAY, SICOGON (photos). Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. 5m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  9. Ficus banahaensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 252; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 46; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 266; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 104. = Ficus glandulifera var. camiguinensis (Merr.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 433; ≡ Ficus banahaensis Elmer var. camiguinensis (Merr.) Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 267; ≡ Ficus camiguinensis Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 276. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, BUCAS GRANDE, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 0-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  10. Ficus bataanensis Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 46; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 46; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 190; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 30; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 164. = Ficus bataanensis forma minima Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 190. = Ficus bataanensis forma sorsogensis Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 190. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Abra, Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Nueva Ecija (photos), Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Forests, but more often on exposed forested ridges. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  11. Ficus benguetensis Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 10; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 46; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 268; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 89; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 400; ≡ Ficus fistulosa forma benguetensis (Merr.) T.S.Liu & J.C.Liao, Bull. Exp. Forest Natl. Taiwan Univ. 114 (1974) 68. = Ficus benguetensis forma leytensis (Elmer) Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 269; ≡ Ficus benguetensis var. leytensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 194; Type: Elmer 7456. = Ficus benguetensis forma negrosensis (Elmer) Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 269; ≡ Ficus benguetensis var. negrosensis Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 542; Type: Elmer 9730, Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mtns, Apr-1908. = Ficus benguetensis forma urdanetensis (Elmer) Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 269; ≡ Ficus urdanetensis Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2413. = Ficus maquilingensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3094. = Ficus cuernosensis Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 545; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 50; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 313. = Ficus peabodyi Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1267; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 61; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 312. = Ficus wenzelii Merr., PJS 8c (1913) 367; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 68; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 270. Distribution: Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. BALABAC, BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, BUSUANGA, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, CEBU (photos), DINAGAT, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Common in forests and thickets. 0-2000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  12. Ficus benjamina L., Mant. Pl. (1767) 129; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 175; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 46; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 195; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 21; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 631. = Ficus benjamina var. bracteata Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 396; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 21. = Ficus benjamina var. nuda (Miq.) M.F.Barrett, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 45 (1951) 128; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 21; ≡ Ficus nuda (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 288; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 59; ≡ Urostigma nudum Miq., London J. Bot. 6 (1847) 584. = Ficus xavieri Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 369; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 69; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 197. = Ficus umbrina Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 49. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. ALABAT, BATAN, BATANES, BILIRAN, BOHOL, BUSUANGA (photos), CATANDUANES, CEBU, LAGEN, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan (photos), Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, ROMBLON, SAMAR. Notes: Forests, often in secondary growth or planted. 0-1300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  13. Ficus botryocarpa Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 235; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 86; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 404; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193. Distribution: BALABAC, BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, JOLO (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), Sarangani (photos), South Cotabato (photos), Sultan Kudarat (photos), Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. botryocarpa. = Ficus barnesii Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 12; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 46. = Ficus sordidissima Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1268; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 65; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 310. = Ficus sorsogonensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3439; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 310. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi. BALABAC, BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Forests. Low elevation. Native.
    • ssp. subalbidoramea (Elmer) C.C.Berg, Blumea 49 (2004) 172; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 406; ≡ Ficus botryocarpa var. subalbidoramea (Elmer) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 18 (1960) 44; ≡ Ficus subalbidoramea Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2389; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 309. = Ficus mindorensis Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 12; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 58; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 308. = Ficus trichantha Warb., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 201. ≠ Ficus conora auct. non King; Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1376; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 50. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON, MINDANAO: Surigao del Sur (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Forests. Low elevation. Native.
  14. Ficus callophylla Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 445; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 22; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 637. = Ficus clusioides (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 286; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 49; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 200; ≡ Urostigma clusioides Miq., London J. Bot. 6 (1847) 579. = Ficus pachyphylla Merr., PJS 8c (1913) 365; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 60; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 201; ≡ Ficus callophylla var. leytensis Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 396; Type: Wenzel 209, Leyte. ≠ Ficus everettii auct. non Elmer; Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3459. Distribution: Borneo, Hong Kong, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, CEBU, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Apayao (photos), Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga, NEGROS (photos), OLANGO, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SEMIRARA, TABLAS. Notes: Forests. Low elevation. 450m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  15. Ficus callosa Willd., Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Hist. (Berlin) 1798 (1798) 102; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 29; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 166; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193. = Ficus malunuensis Warb., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 196; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 56; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 189. = Ficus cordatifolia Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1250. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, India, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. GUIMARAS (photos), LUZON: Bataan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Rizal, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Zamboanga, MINDORO, PALAWAN, POLILLO. Notes: Forests. Sea level and low elevation. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  16. Ficus carpenteriana Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 197; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 47; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 269; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 89; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 408. = Ficus wenzelii Merr. var. weberi (Merr.) Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 270; ≡ Ficus weberi Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 274. = Ficus castanea Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3441; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 270; Type: Elmer 14821 (B), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin (Mt Bulusan), Nov-1915. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BASILAN, BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, SAMAR, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Forests. Figs are eaten by civet cats. 0-1700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  17. Ficus cassidyana Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 200; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 48; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 318; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 86; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 409; Type: Elmer 7169, Leyte: Palo, Jan-1906. = Ficus cassidyana var. casiguranensis (Quisumb. & Merr.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 21 (1965) 86; ≡ Ficus casiguranensis Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 141; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 306; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 86; Type: BS 45343 Ramos & Edaño (B, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Tayabas (Aurora Prov), Casiguran, along streams in forest, low elevation, May/Jun-1925. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Ifugao, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, PANAY (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Thickets and forests. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  18. Ficus cataupi Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1251; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 48; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 10 (1939) 127; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 338; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 62; Blumea 20 (1972) 429; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 496; Type: Elmer 11822 (B), Mindanao: Davao, Todaya (Mt Apo), Sep-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato. Notes: Exposed forested ridges and mossy forest. 1350m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  19. Ficus caulocarpa (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 268; Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 199; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 46; Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 244; Corner, Gard. Bull. S.S.10 (1939) 283; Wayside Trees (1940) 675; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 604; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; ≡ Urostigma caulocarpum Miq., London J. Bot. 6 (1847) 568; ≡ Ficus infectoria var. caulocarpa (Miq.) King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 1 (1887) 63; Merr., Bull. Bur. For. Philip. 1 (1903) 18; Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1246; LPB 7 (1914) 2409; Type: Cuming 1930 (U, holo; BM, L, K, iso), Philippines. = Ficus stipulosa (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 287; Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 199; S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. (1885) 146; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 254; Merrill, PJS 3c (1908) 402; Fl. Manila (1912) 175; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 65; Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3454; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 214; ≡ Urostigma stipulosum Miq., London J. Bot. 6 (1847) 568; Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 334; Type: Cuming 1978 (K, holo; BM, K, iso). Distribution: Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Thailand. BATAN, CEBU (photos), DINAGAT, ITBAYAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PALAUI, PALAWAN, POLILLO, ROMBLON, SABTANG, SAMAR (photos), SIBUYAN. Notes: Coastal and lowland forest. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. caulocarpa. Distribution: Borneo, India, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand. LUZON: Cagayan, Quezon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte, PALAWAN, ROMBLON. Native.
    • var. dasycarpa Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 378; Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 129; Merrill, PJS 20 (1922) 368; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 216; Type: PNH 4788 (PNH, holo, lost; US?, iso), Luzon: Zambales, Mt Pinatubo. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON, MINDORO. Notes: Lowland and montane forest. Native.
  20. Ficus chrysolepis Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 215; King, Sp. Ficus 1 (1887) 24; Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 29 (1905) 11; ≡ Ficus longipedunculata (Merr.) Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 50; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 55; Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3450; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 181; ≡ Ficus chrysolepis var. longipedunculata Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 11. = Ficus hallieri Merr. ex Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 536; LPB 4 (1911) 1243; Merrill, PJS 18 (1921) 54; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 53; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 181. = Ficus magallanensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1315. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi. BALABAC, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CEBU (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Sarangani (photos), NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR (photos), SIBUYAN, TABLAS. Notes: Forest. 0-1700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. chrysolepis. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi. SIBUYAN, TABLAS. Notes: Forest, often along rivers. 0-1300m. Native.
  21. Ficus concinna (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 286; Naves in Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 3 (1879) f. 382; Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 199; S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. (1885) 146; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 251; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 176; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 49; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 188; ≡ Urostigma concinnum Miq., London J. Bot. 6 (1847) 570; Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 343; Type: Cuming 1940 (U, holo; BM, E, L, K, iso), Philippines. = Ficus parvifolia (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 286, nom. illeg., non Oken; Fern.-Vill., Novis. App. (1880) 199; S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 146; Rev. Pl.Vasc. Filip. (1886) 251; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3974; ≡ Urostigma parvifolium Miq., London J. Bot. 6 (1847) 568; Type: Cuming 1935 (U, holo; BM, E, L, K, iso), Philippines. = Ficus arayatensis Warb., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 196; Type: Warburg 14035 (B, ?K, syn); Warburg 14036 (B, ?K, syn); Warburg 14037 (B, ?K, syn), Luzon: Pampanga, Mt Arayat. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bhutan, Borneo, China, India, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BUSUANGA, LUZON: Batangas, Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, MARINDUQUE, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SEMIRARA. Notes: Forest; sometimes planted in the Philippines. 0-1900m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  22. Ficus congesta Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 3 (1832) 560; Hort. Beng. (1814) 66, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 18 (1960) 51; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 88; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 411. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. ALABAT, BASILAN, BUSUANGA, CAMIGUIN, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Cagayan, Camarines Norte (photos), Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forest, often near streams, mostly at low elevation. 0-2300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  23. Ficus cordatula Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 131; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 50; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 210; Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 210; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 14; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 642. = Ficus strangularis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1382; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 66; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 206. = Ficus camarinensis Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 269; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 47; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 212; Type: Ramos 1547 (B), Luzon: Camarines, Dec-1913. = Ficus silvestrei Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3462; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 212. = Ficus cordatula Merr. var. sericea (C.B.Rob.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 381; ≡ Ficus sericea C.B.Rob., PJS 6c (1911) 319; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 65; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 210. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. BALABAC, LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Pampanga (photos), Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay (photos), Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao. Lowland and submontane forest. 700-800m (photos). Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  24. Ficus crassiramea (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 286; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 384; ≡ Urostigma crassirameum Miq., Pl. Jungh. (1851) 48; Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 (1857) 339. = Ficus crassicalyx Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3457; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 203. ≠ Ficus procera auct. non Reinw. ex Blume; King, Sp. Ficus 1 (1887) 35; Corner, Wayside Trees (1940) 678; Backer, Bekn. Fl. Java (em. ed.) 6 (1948) fam. 129, p. 49. Distribution: ALABAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. crassiramea. = Ficus crassiramea var. clementis (Merr.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 385; ≡ Ficus clementis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 130; Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1244; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 49; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 204; Type: M.S. Clemens 703 (syn), M.S. Clemens 421 (syn): both Sep, Mar-1906; M.S. Clemens s.n. (syn), Feb-1907; M.S. Clemens s.n. (B, syn), Sep, Oct-1907; all from Mindanao. Camp Keithley, Lake Lanao. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Talaud Isls, Thailand. ALABAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Cagayan, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Forest, often coastal and riverside. 0-1500m. Native.
  25. Ficus cucurbitina King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 1 (1887) 22; Merr., En. Born. (1921) 222. = Ficus cucurbitina var. eubracteata Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 381. = Ficus elliptifolia Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 55; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 51; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 209. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines. ALABAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, SAMAR. Notes: Swampy forest, rare. 0-800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  26. Ficus cumingii Miq., London J. Bot. 7 (1848) 232; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 174; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 50; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 29; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 66; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 221. = Ficus cumingii var. angustissima (Merr.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 458; ≡ Ficus angustissima Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 11; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 45. = Ficus multiramea Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1259. = Ficus cumingii var. terminalifolia (Elmer) Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 239; ≡ Ficus terminalifolia Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1318. = Ficus celtoides Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1388; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 49; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 28. = ?Ficus euphlebia Merr., PJS 8c (1913) 364; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 51. = Ficus producta Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 270; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 62; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 287. = Ficus cumingii var. worcesteri (Merr.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 458; ≡ Ficus worcesteri Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 274; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 68; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 267. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Taiwan. BASILAN, BATAN, BATANES, BICAWAYAN, BILIRAN, CALAYAN, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, CAWILI, CEBU, CORON, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Bataan (photos), Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MARARISON (photos), MARINDUQUE, MASBATE, MINASAWA, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, Surigao, Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, OLANGO, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, PONEAS, SABTANG, SAMAR, SEMIRARA, SIBUYAN, TABLAS. Notes: Forest and secondary growth. 0-1400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  27. Ficus cuneiformis C.C.Berg, Blumea 56 (2011) 164; ≡ Ficus cuneata (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 297, nom. illeg., non Blume; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 415; ≡ Ficus ribes Reinw. ex Blume var. cuneata (Miq.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 18 (1960) 44; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 85; ≡ Ficus ribes var. cuneata forma stenophylla Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 18 (1960) 44; ≡ Covellia cuneata Miq., London J. Bot. 7 (1848) 466; Type: Cuming 1938 (L, holo), Philippines. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan (photos), Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Kalinga, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Davao Oriental (photos), Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: Forests at low elevation. 950-1500m (photos). Native.
  28. Ficus deltoidea Jack, Malayan Misc. 2 (1822) 71; Quisumbing, PJS 76 (1944) 37; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 420; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 90. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-1500(-2500)m. Native.
    • var. deltoidea. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. PALAWAN. Notes: From Tigaplan River, forested slopes. Known in the Philippines from two collections: BS 77482 Edaño and BS 77650 Edaño. 450-1700m. Native.
  29. Ficus depressa Blume, Cat. Gew. Buitenzorg (1823) 35; Bijdr. (1825) 450; Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867) 286; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing 17 (1960) 380; ≡ Urostigma depressum (Blume) Miq., London J. Bot. 6 (1847) 576; Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 351. = Ficus prunniformis Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 451; Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867) 266; King, Sp. Ficus 1 (1887) 24; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 62; Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3453; Corner, Wayside Trees (1940) 678; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 182; Backer, Bekn. Fl. Java (em. ed.) 6 (1948) fam. 129, p. 42; ≡ Urostigma pruniforme (Blume) Miq., Syst. Verz. (Zollinger) 2 (1854) 91; Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 352; Suppl. (1861) 440. = Ficus johnsoni Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 190. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Misamis, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Sur, PALAWAN, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Forest. 0-1100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  30. Ficus disticha Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 458; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 51; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 337; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 58; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 499. Distribution: CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Rizal, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: 0-2200m. Native.
    • ssp. disticha. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Ifugao, Laguna, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Cotabato, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: Montane (often mossy) and lowland forest (in Borneo often in peat forest). 0-2200m. Native.
  31. Ficus drupacea Thunb., Ficus (1786) 6; Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867) 286; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 380; ≡ Urostigma drupaceum (Thunb.) Miq., London J. Bot. 6 (1847) 581. = Ficus drupacea var. auranticarpa (Elmer) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 380, nom. inval.; ≡ Ficus auranticarpa Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3454, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 207. = Ficus pilosa Reinw. ex Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 446; Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867) 260; Naves in Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 3 (1880) 200; King, Sp. Ficus 1 (1887) 21; Burkill, Dict. (1935) 1012; Corner, Wayside Trees (1940) 678; Backer, Blumea 6 (1948) 305; Bekn. Fl. Java (em. ed.) 6 (1948) fam. 129, p. 43. = Ficus payapa Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 683; Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 475; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 3 (1879) 86; Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 79; Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 125; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 60; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 207. = Ficus vidaliana Warb., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 197. Distribution: Australia, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, ?India, Indochina, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. AMBIL, LAGEN, LEYTE, LUBANG, LUZON: Abra (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, SAMAR, TABLAS. Notes: Lowland forest, often infesting village trees; sometimes planted. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  32. Ficus edanoi Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 62; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 51; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 352; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 43; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 94. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: Coastal forests and on rocks near sea. 0m. Native.
  33. Ficus elmeri Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 9; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 51; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 278; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 465; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 69; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 223. = Ficus subintegra (Merr.) Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 56; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 66; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 277; ≡ Ficus elmeri var. subintegra Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 10. = Ficus kamelii Merr. ex Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 276; Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3487. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi. BOHOL, CEBU, LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Mountain Province, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, MINDORO, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. Reportedly cultivated because of the good taste of the figs. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  34. Ficus fiskei Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 195; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 52; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 280; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 67; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 227; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2439. = Ficus fiskei var. cebuensis Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 68; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 52; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 281. = Ficus fiskei var. laevifolia Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 69; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 52; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 281. = Ficus fiskei var. multinervia Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 459. = Ficus hemicardia Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 275; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 54; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 279. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, BOHOL, CATANDUANES, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, TICAO. Notes: Luzon to Mindanao. Forest (in rocky places). 0-1300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  35. Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 470; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 93; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 418. Distribution: BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Ifugao, Isabela, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, PANAY (photos), POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests. 0-2000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. fistulosa. = Ficus grandidens Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 271; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 53; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 316. = Ficus repandifolia Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 58; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 63; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 315. = Ficus rubrovenia Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 44. = ?Ficus fistulosa var. lucbanensis (Elmer) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 18 (1960) 62; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 93; ≡ Ficus lucbanensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 254; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 56; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 272. = Ficus curranii Merr., PJS 5c (1910) 343; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 51. Distribution: Borneo, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan. LUZON: Bataan, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Zamboanga. Notes: Evergreen forest and secondary growth. 0-1700m. Native.
  36. Ficus forstenii Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 214; King, Sp. Ficus 1 (1887) 29. = Ficus forstenii var. pacifica (Elmer) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 385, nom. inval.; ≡ Ficus pacifica Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3460, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 207. = Ficus forstenii var. umbobracteata (Elmer) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 385; ≡ Ficus umbobracteata Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1247; LPB 7 (1914) 2394; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 67; Sata Monogr. (1944) 205. = Ficus palawanensis Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 11; Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1244; LPB 4 (1912) 1380; LPB 7 (1914) 2393; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 60; Merill, PJS 29 (1926) 364; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 205. Distribution: ?Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi. BALABAC, LUZON: Abra, Aurora, Batangas, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Cavite, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato (photos), Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, POLILLO. Notes: Forest, mostly as a hemi-epiphyte. For two collections, Kjellberg gives the latex as yellowish. 0-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  37. Ficus gigantifolia Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 9; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 52; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 211; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 31; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 147; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 438. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, BURIAS, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet, Isabela, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, South Cotabato (photos), Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), POLILLO, SAMAR, TABLAS. Notes: Forests. 0-1200m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  38. Ficus glandulifera (Miq.) Wall. ex King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2 (1889) 143; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 433; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 109; ≡ Pogonotrophe glandulifera Miq., London J. Bot. 7 (1848) 77. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Riau Arch, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON, PALAWAN. Notes: Forests. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  39. Ficus glareosa Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1393; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 53; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 356; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 44; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 95. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CULION, LUZON: Zambales, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Forest. 0-900m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  40. Ficus gul K.Schum. & Lauterb., Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee (1900) 278; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 452; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 63; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 229. = Ficus manilensis Warb., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 199; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 56; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 265. ≠ Ficus rudis auct. non Pers.; Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat.32 (1867) 222; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 64; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 264; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 63. Distribution: Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. BOHOL, CATANDUANES, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Not reported from Palawan; forest and secondary growth. 0-1500(-2000)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  41. Ficus heteropleura Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 466; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 480; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 77; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 274. = Ficus caudatifolia Warb., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 194; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 48; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 231; Type: Warburg 14038 (B), Polillo. = Ficus caudatifolia var. eucaudata (Elmer) Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 231; ≡ Ficus eucaudata Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 40. = Ficus heteropleura var. mindanaensis (Warb.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 480; ≡ Ficus mindanaensis Warb., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 195; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 58; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 233. Distribution: Bhutan, Borneo, China, India, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BATAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga del Norte, NEGROS, PALASAN, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, TABLAS. Notes: Forest or secondary growth. 0-1500m. Native.
  42. Ficus heteropoda Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 232; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 54; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 275; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21(1965) 65; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 232. = Ficus sargentii Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 63; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 64; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 274; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 701; Type: Sablaya 10. = Ficus decussata Warb., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 198. = Ficus anomala Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 183. Distribution: Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi. CORON, DANJUGAN, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Throughout the Philippines. Low elevation forests and secondary growth. 100-200m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  43. Ficus inaequifolia Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 242; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 66; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 229; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 477; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 276; ≡ Ficus subulata forma inaequifolia (Elmer) Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 231. = Ficus caudatolongifolia Sata, J. Jap. Bot. 10 (1934) 550; Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 49. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland forests and secondary growth. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  44. Ficus involucrata Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 447; Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867) 286; King, Sp. Ficus 1 (1887) 34; Backer, Bekn. Fl. Java (em. ed.) 6 (1948) fam. 129, p. 49; ≡ Urostigma involucratum (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2) (1859) 334. Distribution: Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. BASILAN, LUZON, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Misamis Oriental (photos). Notes: Mountain forest, not uncommon in Java but rare elsewhere. 500-1700m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  45. Ficus kerkhovenii Koord. & Valeton, Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 2 (1906) 83; Corner, Wayside Trees (1940) 680; Backer, Bekn. Fl. Java (em. ed.) 6 (1948) fam. 129, p. 43. = Ficus lanaoensis Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 56; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 55; Sata, Monogr. (194) 203. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Bataan, Zambales. Notes: Lowland forest, often left in forest clearings. Native.
  46. Ficus laevicarpa Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1395; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 55; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 271; Berg, Blumea 56 (2011) 162; Type: Elmer 12776 (L, iso), Palawan, Puerto Princesa, (Mt Pulgar). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: In rocky river beds and on rocky riverbanks, at low elevation, more or less often rheophytic. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  47. Ficus lawesii King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 55 (1887) 403; Sp. Ficus App. (1888) 4; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 663. = Ficus adamii Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1258, as 'adamsii'; LPB 7 (1914) 2410; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 44; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 184. = Ficus villamilii Merr. ex Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 34 (1944) 183. Distribution: Borneo, India, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. CEBU (photos), LUZON: Laguna, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao del Sur, NEGROS (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Forest. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  48. Ficus lepicarpa Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 459; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 90; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 430; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 25; ≡ ?Ficus lepicarpa Blume var. suluensis Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 21 (1965) 54. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Philippines, Riau Arch, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. NEGROS (photos), SAMAR, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Forest and secondary growth, often along streams. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  49. Ficus linearifolia Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 257; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 55; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 306; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 432; ≡ Ficus botryocarpa var. linearifolia (Elmer) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 18 (1960) 44. = Ficus cervina Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 543; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 49; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 306. = Ficus merrillii Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 282; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 57; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 311. = Ficus olivacea Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3437, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 312. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao (photos), Batangas, Benguet, Camarines Sur, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: Forest. 0-900m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  50. Ficus magnoliifolia Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 448; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 31; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 153. = Ficus nervosa var. apoensis (Elmer) Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 186; ≡ Ficus apoensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1249; LPB 7 (1914) 2414. ≠ Ficus nervosa auct. non B.Heyne ex Roth; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 58; Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3475; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 184. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bataan, Camarines, Isabela, Laguna (photos), Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga Sibugay (photos), NEGROS, PANAY (photos), POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 0-1800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  51. Ficus melinocarpa Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 460; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 68; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 236. = Ficus haggeri Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 62; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 53; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 360. = Ficus melinocarpa var. hololampra (Diels) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 462; ≡ Ficus hololampra Diels, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 67 (1935) 201. = Ficus collinsii Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3468; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 361. = Ficus irosinensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3473; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 360. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. LEYTE, LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao de Oro (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO. Notes: Forests and secondary growth. 0-800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  52. Ficus microcarpa L.f., Suppl. Pl. (1782) 442; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 397; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 666; Cañeda et al., Davao Research J. 16 (2025) 91. ≠ Ficus retusa auct. non L.; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 63; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 198. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, China, India, Japan, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. APO, APULIT, CAGAYAN DE SULU, CAPUL, CATANDUANES, CEBU (photos), CORON, DANJUGAN (photos), ITBAYAT, LEYTE, LUBANG, LUZON: Abra, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Rizal, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MATINLOC, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Occidental, Davao del Sur, Surigao, Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TABLAS, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Forests, along rivers, on cliffs, and in coastal vegetation. 0-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  53. Ficus microsphaera Warb., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 199; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 57, as ‘microsphaeria’; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 286; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 78; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 280. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PANAY. Notes: Forests. 0-1900m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  54. Ficus minahassae (de Vriese & Teijsm.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 231; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 57; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 302; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 73; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 373; ≡ Bosscheria minahassae de Vriese & Teijsm., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 23 (1861) 212. ≠ Ficus glomerata auct. non Roxb.; Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 683. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi. BASILAN, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Abra (photos), Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Cavite (photos), Ifugao, Isabela, Kalinga, Laguna, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MASBATE (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), Sarangani (photos), South Cotabato, Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Forest at low elevation. 50-1050m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  55. Ficus multistipularis Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 66; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 58; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 325; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 89; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 435. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, DINAGAT, LUZON: Camarines Norte, MINDANAO: Zamboanga del Norte (photos), SAMAR. Notes: Forest, often along streams, at low elevation. (?-)100-200m (photos) to 900m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  56. Ficus nervosa B.Heyne ex Roth, Syst. Veg., 15th Ed. 1 (1817) 513; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 31; C.C.Berg, Blumea 48 (2003) 298. Distribution: ALABAT, CATANDUANES, LUBANG, LUZON: Abra, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Kalinga, Laguna, Pangasinan (photos), Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales (photos), MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato (photos), Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN, TABLAS. Notes: Forest. 0-1650m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. pubinervis (Blume) C.C.Berg, Blumea 48 (2003) 298; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 154; ≡ Ficus pubinervis Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 452; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 62; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 186; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 31. = Ficus pubinervis var. sibulanensis (Elmer) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 411; ≡ Ficus pubinervis forma sibulanensis (Elmer) Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 187; ≡ Ficus sibulanensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1266; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 65; Type: Elmer 11154, Mindanao, Mt Apo. = Ficus similis Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 47. = Ficus pubinervis var. crassitora (Elmer) Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 187; ≡ Ficus crassitora Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 548. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan. ALABAT, CATANDUANES, LUBANG, LUZON: Abra, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Kalinga, Laguna, Pangasinan (photos), Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Sur, South Cotabato (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN, TABLAS. Notes: Forest. 0-1650m. Native.
  57. Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 10; Fl. Manila (1912) 174; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 52; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 304; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 88; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 435; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3974; Coritico et al., J. Trop. Biol. & Cons. 19 (2022) 149; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 988; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193; ≡ Ficus aspera var. nota Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 677. ≠ Ficus merrittii auct. non Merr.; Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1376. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BALABAC, BILIRAN, BUCAS GRANDE, CEBU (photos), CULION, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra (photos), Apayao (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE (photos), MINDANAO: Cotabato (photos), Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental (photos), Surigao, Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga Sibugay, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: Forest, often along streams. 0-1300m to 1380m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  58. Ficus obscura Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 474; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 78; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 281. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Philippines, Sumatra. BOHOL, CEBU, LUZON: Isabela (photos), Laguna, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, South Cotabato, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  59. Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 15; Fl. Manila (1912) 174; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 59; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 278; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 69; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 240; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2439; ≡ Ficus hispida var. odorata Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 683. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BATANES, BOHOL, CEBU (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Laguna, Pampanga (photos), Quezon (photos), Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, NEGROS, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland forests, often in secondary growths, near streams, and on rocks. Leaves aromatic on drying. 100-500m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  60. Ficus oleifolia King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2 (1889) 160; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 38; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 97. Distribution: BASILAN, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Misamis Occidental, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PONEAS. Notes: 0-2400(-3200)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. oleifolia. = Ficus oleifolia King var. epiphytica (Elmer) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 425; ≡ Ficus williamsii var. epiphytica Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2396. = Ficus williamsii C.B.Rob., PJS 3c (1908) 177; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 68. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. BASILAN, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Misamis Occidental, PONEAS. Notes: Mostly forest, often on rocky places, at lower elevation often epilithic. (0-)1000-2300m. Native.
    • ssp. monantha Merr. & Quisumb. ex C.C.Berg, Blumea 48 (2003) 541; Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 100; Type: PNH 4 Edaño (holo, L), Palawan: Mt Mantalingahan, 1400m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Montane (mossy) forest, 1100-1400m, terrestrial or epiphytic. Known only from a single locality. Native.
  61. Ficus parietalis Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 462; Quisumbing, PJS 41 (1930) 317; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 77; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 283. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, PALAWAN. Notes: On tree trunks in forest near streams; forests or secondary growth. 0-1300(-2000)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  62. Ficus pedunculosa Miq., London J. Bot. 7 (1848) 442; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 61; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 352; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 39; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 101; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific biodiv. 17 (2024) 11. = Ficus luzonensis Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 6 (1904) 8; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 56; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 351. = Ficus pedunculosa var. confertifolia (Merr.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 426; ≡ Ficus confertifolia Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 59; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 50; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 353. = Ficus pedunculosa var. imberbis (Elmer) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 426; ≡ Ficus imberbis (Elmer) Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 351; ≡ Ficus luzonensis Merr. var. imberbis Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1323; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 56. = Ficus pedunculosa var. macropoda (Miq.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 426; ≡ Ficus macropoda Miq., London J. Bot. 7 (1848) 442; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 56; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 350. = Ficus pedunculosa var. mearnsii (Merr.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 427; ≡ Ficus mearnsii Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 402; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 57; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 353. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Taiwan. APULIT, BATAN, BATANES, BILIRAN, BOHOL, BORACAY (photos), BUCAS GRANDE (photos), CAMIGUIN (photos), CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, DANJUGAN (photos), GUIMARAS, HOMONHON, ITBAYAT, JOLO, LUZON: Abra, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PAMALICAN, PONEAS, SABTANG, SAMAR, SEMIRARA, SIARGAO, SIBUTU, SIBUYAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Forests, thickets, coastal vegetation, and secondary growth. A form exist with smooth elliptical or suborbicular leaves, often as prostate shrubs specializing on coastal uplifted coral rocks up to 10m. These have been given formal taxonomic recognition as Ficus pedunculosa var. mearnsii (Merr.) Corner. This form is confined to Taiwan Islands and the northern Philippines, but might be present as small populations in coastal areas facing the Philippine Sea. 0-2000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  63. Ficus pellucidopunctata Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 4 (1854) 394; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 394; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 230. = Ficus indica L. var. gelderi (Miq.) King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 1 (1887) 39; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 54; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 199; ≡ Ficus gelderi Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 216. = Ficus everettii Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 538; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 202. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LUZON: Quezon, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: Forests. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  64. Ficus peninsula Elmer ex C.C.Berg, Blumea 56 (2011) 164; ≡ Ficus peninsula Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3433, nom. inval.; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 250; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 60; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 505; Type: Elmer 16116 (PNH, holo; L, iso), Luzon, Sorsogon, Irosin, May-1916. ≠ Ficus apiocarpa auct. non Miq.; Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 249; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 45. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Batangas, Camarines, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), NEGROS (photos). Notes: Forests. 0-1000m. Native.
  65. Ficus perfulva Elmer ex Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 61; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 349; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 59; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 554. ≠ Ficus fulva auct. non Reinw. ex Blume; Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2407. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Pampanga, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Misamis Oriental (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Forests. 0-1100m. Native.
  66. Ficus pisocarpa Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 454; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 394; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 20; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 674. = Urostigma tjiela Miq., London J. Bot. 6 (1847) 580; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 395; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 20; Type: Cuming 1931 (L, lecto), Philippines; Griffith 31 (syn), Myanmar. = Ficus episima Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 394; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 20; Type: PNH 10269, Mindanao: Surigao. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. BALABAC, LUZON: ?Rizal (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Surigao, SABTANG. Notes: Forests. 0-1200(-1700)m. Native.
  67. Ficus polyantha Warb., Nachtr. Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee (1905) 250; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 30; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 156. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines. BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Sur, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, NEGROS. Notes: Forests. Often common and gregarious. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  68. Ficus prasinicarpa Elmer ex C.C.Berg, Blumea 56 (2011) 164; ≡ Ficus prasinicarpa Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3451, nom. inval.; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 214; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 8; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 606; Type: Elmer 16129 (PNH, holo; L, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, May-1916. Distribution: Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. LUZON: Bulacan, Camarines Norte (photos), Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: Often in littoral vegetation on coral limestone, sometimes as hemi-epiphyte in secondary growth. 0-1100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  69. Ficus pseudocaulocarpa Chantaras., PLOS ONE 10 (2015) e0128289: 16; Type: Ridsdale SMHI 323 (L, holo), Palawan: Taytay, Lake Manguao (Danao), 5-Apr-1984. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Rainforests. 60–80m. Native.
  70. Ficus pseudopalma Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 680; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 379; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 438; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 988. = Ficus palmifolia Usteri, Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 6 (1904) 9; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 173; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 62; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 321; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 36. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, BANTAYAN (photos), BATAN DE ALBAY, BORACAY (photos), CAMOTES, CEBU (photos), DINAGAT, GENERAL ISLAND (photos), GUIMARAS, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan (photos), Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental (photos), Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato (photos), Surigao del Sur (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, OLANGO, PANAY, SAMAR, SEMIRARA, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN. Notes: Thickets, forest and secondary growth. 0-1300m. Native.
  71. Ficus pumila L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1060; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 45; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 52; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 518. Distribution: China, Indochina, Japan, Korea, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. LUZON: Camarines Sur (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Cultivated in Malesia, often as creeper on walls. Naturalized on rocky slopes in secondary forest. Naturalized.
  72. Ficus punctata Thunb., Ficus (1786) 9; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 10 (1939) 137; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 61; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 507. = Ficus aurantiacea Griff. var. parvifolia (Corner) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 18 (1960) 23; ≡ Ficus callicarpa Miq. var. parvifolia Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 10 (1939) 116. = Ficus megacarpa Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 14; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 57; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 248. = Ficus falcata Thunb., Ficus (1786) 8; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 51; Type: Not accredited to the Philippines by Corner (1965). Distribution: Borneo, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand. BATAN, CEBU, DINAGAT, JOLO, LAGEN, LUZON: Abra (photos), Aurora (photos), Bataan, Isabela, Laguna, Pampanga (photos), Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Lanao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), POLILLO. Notes: Forests. 0-1500m. Native.
  73. Ficus pungens Reinw. ex Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 478; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 450; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 375. = Ficus kalingaensis Merr., PJS 20 (1922) 370; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 55; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 305. Distribution: Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Kalinga, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. Notes: Forests and secondary growth. 0-1700m. Native.
  74. Ficus pustulata Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1389; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 63; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 316; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 43; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 102. = Ficus cardinalicarpa Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1391; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 47; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 355; Type: Elmer 12875 (B), Palawan: Puerto Princesa (Mt Pulgar), Mar-1911. = Ficus pustulata var. lanceifolia (Sata) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 429; ≡ Ficus cardinalicarpa var. lanceifolia Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 356. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUSUANGA (photos), DUMARAN, LUZON: Laguna (photos), Zambales, PALAWAN, PANGULASIAN. Notes: Often along streams (sometimes rheophytic), cliffs or secondary growth, at low elevation. 129m (photos). Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  75. Ficus recurva Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 457; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 63; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 348; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 56; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 537. Distribution: BASILAN, BOHOL, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SIQUIJOR (photos). Notes: 0-1600(-2600)m. Native.
    • var. recurva. = Ficus samarensis Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 60; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 64; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 345. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. CATANDUANES, LEYTE, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 0-1200m. Native.
    • var. pedicellata Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 18 (1960) 15; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 539. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. LUZON, PALAWAN. Notes: Forests. 0-1000m. Native.
    • var. ribesioides (Wall. ex Miq.) King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2 (1889) 132; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 56; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 540; ≡ Pogonotrophe ribesioides Wall. ex Miq., London J. Bot. 7 (1848) 78. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Sorsogon, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Forests at low elevation. Native.
    • var. urnigera (Miq.) King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2 (1889) 132; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 541; ≡ Ficus urnigera Miq., Syst. Verz. (Zollinger) 2 (1854) 92; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 55. ≠ Ficus puncticulata auct. non Merr.; Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 547. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, NEGROS. Notes: Forests. 0-1600(-2600)m. Native.
  76. Ficus religiosa L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1059; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 63; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 6; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 608. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Nicobar Isls, Pakistan. LUZON: NCR. Notes: Cultivated in Malesia, escaping in urban settings. Naturalized.
  77. Ficus rivularis Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 272; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 64; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 339; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 35; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 381. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao, Aurora (photos), Cagayan, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Along streams at low elevation. 50m (photos). Native.
  78. Ficus ruficaulis Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 13; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 64; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 316, 357, 368; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 47; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 121. = Ficus ruficaulis var. paloensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 203; ≡ Ficus paloensis (Elmer) Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 547; ≡ Ficus ruficaulis forma paloensis (Elmer) Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 358. Distribution: Philippines, Sulawesi, Taiwan. APULIT, BASILAN, BILIRAN, BOHOL, CULION, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan (photos), Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur (photos), Misamis Occidental (photos), South Cotabato, Surigao, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests. 0-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  79. Ficus sagittata J.Koenig ex Vahl, Symb. Bot. (Vahl) 1 (1790) 83; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 18 (1960) 11; Gard. Bull. Sing. 19 (1962) 390; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 55; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 543; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194. = Ficus ramentacea Roxb., Fl. Ind. (Roxburgh) 3 (1832) 547; Hort. Beng. (1814) 103, nom. inval., nom. nud. = Ficus bordenii Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 11; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 250; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 97; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 544; Type: FB 1211 Borden (K, iso), Luzon: Bataan, Lamao River, Jun-1904. Type specimen is a mixture of leaves of Ficus sagittata Vahl and figs of Ficus punctata. The former element in K is designated by C.C.Berg (2005) as lecto of Ficus sagittata. = Ficus ramosii Merr. ex Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 342. = Ficus rubrocarpa Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3476; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 343. = Ficus sagittata var. minor Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 18 (1960) 12. = Ficus tayabensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 255; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 66; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 340. = Ficus sagittata var. oligosperma (Miq.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 18 (1960) 12; ≡ Ficus oligosperma Miq., Pl. Jungh. (1851) 55. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, China, India, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, Misamis Oriental (photos), PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  80. Ficus samarana C.C.Berg, Blumea 57 (2012) 151; Type: Reynoso & Majaducon PPI 21974 (L, holo; K, iso), Samar: Paranas, Campo Uno, 400m, 1-May-1996. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: In forests, along rolling mountains and limestone ridges. 400m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  81. Ficus satterthwaitei Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 199; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 64; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 311; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 18 (1960) 51; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 448. = Ficus appendiculata Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 57; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 45; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 314. = Ficus binuangensis Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 67; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 47; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 314. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BASILAN, BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao (photos), Bataan, Batangas, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur (photos), Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests. 0-1300m. Native.
  82. Ficus saxophila Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 437; Miq., Ann. Mus.Bot.Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867) 260; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 47; Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 537; Koord., Atlas 4 (1916) t. 702; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 65; Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3478; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 537; Backer, Bekn. Fl. Java (em. ed.) 6 (1948) fam. 129, p. 44; Blumea 6 (1948) 303; ≡ Urostigma saxophilum (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2) (1859) 333; Type: from Indonesia. Distribution: Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand, Vietnam. CEBU, LUZON: Bataan, Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Zamboanga Sibugay (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. saxophila. Distribution: Australia, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand, Vietnam. CEBU, LUZON: Bataan, Sorsogon, NEGROS. Notes: Mostly coastal, often on rocky headlands, also in lowland forests. Native.
  83. Ficus scaberrima Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 474; ≡ Ficus obscura var. scaberrima (Blume) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 273; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 482; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 79. = Ficus pisifera Wall. ex Voigt, Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. (1845) 285; Miq. in Hook., London J. Bot. 7 (1848) 427; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 61; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 235; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 284. = Ficus flavocortica Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1241; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 52; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 236. = Ficus viridifolia Merr., PJS 8c (1913) 366; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 68. = Ficus obscura var. borneensis (Miq.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 481; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 78; ≡ Ficus microtus var. borneensis Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 273. = Ficus obscura var. kunstleri (King) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 481; ≡ Ficus celebica var. kunstleri King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 1 (1887) 12. ≠ Ficus celebica auct. non Reinw. ex Blume; Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 187; LPB 1 (1907) 239; LPB 2 (1908) 534; Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 48. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malaysia, Moluccas, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BALABAC, BASILAN, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, GUIMARAS, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental (photos), Davao del Sur, Misamis, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN, TABLAS. Notes: Forests and secondary growth. 0-2000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  84. Ficus septica Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) (1768) 226; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 27; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 92; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 452; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3974; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 438; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 988; Cañeda et al., Davao Research J. 16 (2025) 91; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193. = Ficus hauili Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 684; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 175; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 53; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 271. = Ficus didymophylla Warb., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 200. = Ficus septica var. salicifolia Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 18 (1960) 62. = Ficus brunnea Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 56; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 47; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 252. = Ficus laxiramea Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1257; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 55; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 273. = Ficus linearis Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 65, nom. illeg., non Saporta; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 55; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 263. ≠ Ficus philippinensis auct. non Miq.; Bonard ex Hérincq, Hort. France (1869) 244. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan. BALABAC, BASILAN, BATAN, BOHOL, CALAYAN, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, CULION, DANJUGAN, DINAGAT, GENERAL ISLAND (photos), GUIMARAS, HOMONHON, ITBAYAT, LAGEN, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao, Davao Occidental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, South Cotabato, Surigao, Surigao del Sur (photos), Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, SEMIRARA, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TABLAS, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Forms exist with small figs and small leaves, usually narrow, being lanceolate to linear; usually in or next to streams; more or less often rheophytic. These have been given formal taxonomic recognition as Ficus septica var. salicifolia Corner. Forests or secondary growth, often near rivers. 0-1800m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  85. Ficus sohotonensis C.C.Berg, Blumea 48 (2003) 561; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 512; Type: Gutierrez et al. 622 (L, holo), Samar: Mt Sohoton. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. SAMAR. Notes: Forest at low elevation. L.L.Co: Thus far known only from the type collection. Native.
  86. Ficus stricta (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 266; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 21; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 679; ≡ Urostigma strictum Miq., Pl. Jungh. (1851) 50. Distribution: Andaman Isls, China, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sumatra. LUZON: Quezon, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga del Norte (photos), NEGROS. Notes: P.B. Pelser (4-Feb-20): Berg (2005) notes that this species might only be present in cultivation in the Philippines (Luzon), but the locality information on some herbarium specimens suggests that it might be native to the Philippines (Shuai Liao, pers. comm., 21-Jan-20). Forests. 0-2000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  87. Ficus subcordata Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 440; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 395; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 21; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 680. = Ficus calophylloides Elmer, LPB 4 (1911) 1246; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 47; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 201. Distribution: Borneo, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Bataan, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: Forests. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  88. Ficus subulata Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 461; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 66; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 229; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 76; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 290; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194. = Ficus confusa Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 47. = Ficus subulata forma driveri (Elmer) Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 231; ≡ Ficus driveri Elmer, LPB 7 (1914) 2397. Distribution: Bangladesh, Bismarck Arch, Borneo, China, India, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Nicobar Isls, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam. BASILAN, BOHOL, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, LEYTE, LUBANG, LUMBUCAN, LUZON: Albay, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, Surigao del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAUI, PALAWAN, PANAY, SAMAR, TABLAS. Notes: Forests. 0-2000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  89. Ficus sulcata Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1377; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 66; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 317; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 457. = Ficus mirabilis Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 58; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 58; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 305. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Norte, Laguna, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Forests and secondary growth, at low elevation. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  90. Ficus sumatrana (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 263; King, Sp. Ficus 1 (1887) 40; ≡ Urostigma sumatranum Miq., Pl. Jungh. (1851) 49; Fl. Ind. Bat. 1 2 (1859) 341; Suppl. (1861) 437. ≠ Ficus indica auct. non L.; Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 49, 243; Merr., EPFP (1923) 54; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 199. Distribution: BASILAN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CATANDUANES, CEBU (photos), DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Bataan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales, MASBATE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Lanao del Sur, Misamis, Misamis Oriental, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, PONEAS, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, TABLAS. Notes: Forest. 0-1600m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. sumatrana. Distribution: Borneo, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. Notes: Lowland and submontane forest, frequent. This taxon corresponds to Form A in Berg & Corner (2005). Native.
    • var. microsyce Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 390. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. Notes: Lowland forests, up to 1100m. This taxon corresponds to Form C in Berg & Corner (2005). Native.
  91. Ficus sundaica Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 450; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 389; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 18; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 684. Distribution: Borneo, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, ?Moluccas, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. ALABAT, LUZON: Abra (photos), PALAWAN. Notes: Forest (islands) or scrubs, often on white sand or in swamps. 0-1100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  92. Ficus tinctoria G.Forst., Fl. Ins. Austr. (1786) 76; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 66; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 226; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 475; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 74; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 292. = Ficus tinctoria ssp. swinhoei (King) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 476; ≡ Ficus swinhoei King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 2 (1889) 81. = Ficus antoniana Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1374; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 45; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 339. = Ficus fenicis Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 66; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 52; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 337. Distribution: ALABAT, AMBIL, BATAN, BOHOL, BORACAY (photos), CAMIGUIN, CEBU, DANJUGAN, DINAGAT, GUIMARAS, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Cagayan (photos), Camarines, Cavite, Ilocos Norte, Quezon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao Oriental (photos), Surigao, MINDORO, NEGROS, OLANGO, PABELLON ISLS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, PONEAS, ROMBLON, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, TURTLE IS, UBIAN. Notes: Forest, coastal vegetations (beaches, coral rocks, mangroves), coastal and inland limestone cliffs and hills, also secondary growth, at low elevation; often shrubs or small trees on exposed rocks, often hemi-epiphytic in forest. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. tinctoria. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi, Taiwan. ALABAT, AMBIL, BATAN, CAMIGUIN, CEBU, DANJUGAN, DINAGAT, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Bataan, Ilocos Norte, Quezon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Surigao, MINDORO, OLANGO, PABELLON ISLS, PANAY, POLILLO, PONEAS, ROMBLON, SAMAR, SIBUYAN, TURTLE IS. Notes: “It is with some doubt that Ficus swinhoei is Ficus tinctoria ssp. swinhoei from the Philippines is included in ssp. tinctoria, as it may be more distinct than just a scabrous form of subspecies” C.C.Berg & Corner (2005). Native.
    • ssp. gibbosa (Blume) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 476; ≡ Ficus gibbosa Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 466; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 74. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, China, India, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Thailand. PALAWAN, TURTLE IS. Native.
  93. Ficus trichocarpa Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 458; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 18 (1960) 59; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 59; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 556. = Ficus trichocarpa var. obtusa (Hassk.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 18 (1960) 19; ≡ Ficus obtusa Hassk., Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. (Hasskarl) (1844) 75; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 59. = Ficus trichocarpa var. piperifolia (Miq.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 18 (1960) 10; ≡ Pogonotrophe piperifolia Miq., Syst. Verz. (Zollinger) 2 (1854) 93. = Ficus ahernii Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 61; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 44; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 350. Distribution: Borneo, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. BILIRAN, LUZON: Abra, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Sur, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 0-1300m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  94. Ficus ulmifolia Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 2 (1788) 499; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 174; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 67; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 239; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 66; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 258; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2439; Buhay et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 3086. = Ficus ulmifolia forma sinuosa (Miq.) Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 283; ≡ Ficus sinuosa Miq., London J. Bot. 7 (1848) 232. = Ficus blepharostoma Warb., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 197; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 47; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 241. = Ficus sparsifolia Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 64; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 65; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 83. = Ficus velascoi Merr. ex Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 242. = Ficus hispida var. linearis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 685. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BATAN, BILIRAN, DINAGAT, KINAPUSAN, LUZON: Abra, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, NCR, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Surigao, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Widespread, but not in Palawan and Mindanao?; lowland second-growth forest, open grassy places, on rocky sites, extreme ultramafic sites. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  95. Ficus uniglandulosa Wall. ex Miq., London J. Bot. 7 (1848) 431; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 79; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 296. = Ficus uniglandulosa var. parvifolia Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 277. = Ficus copelandii C.B.Rob., PJS 3c (1908) 176; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 50; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 227. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, CAMIGUIN, LEYTE (photos), MINDANAO: ?Davao de Oro (photos), ?Sarangani (photos), Surigao del Norte (photos), Zamboanga del Sur, PALAWAN, SAMAR, SULU ARCHIPELAGO. Notes: Forest (margins) and on rocks and cliffs; if (pseudo- or hemi-?)epiphytic, then up to 20m from the forest floor. 0-1700(-2300)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  96. Ficus variegata Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 459; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 68; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 366; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 83; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 348; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3974; Romeroso et al., Asian J. Biol. Life Sc. 10 (2021) 438; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1193. = Ficus variegata var. garciae (Elmer) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 18 (1960) 33; ≡ Ficus garciae Elmer, LPB 2 (1908) 550; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 52; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 371. = Ficus variegata var. ilangoides (Elmer) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 18 (1960) 33; ≡ Ficus ilangoides Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3443; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 372. = Ficus variegata var. sycomoroides (Miq.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 18 (1960) 33; ≡ Ficus sycomoroides Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 230. = Ficus integrifolia Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 61; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 54; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 365. = Ficus latsonii Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 204. = Ficus compressitora Elmer, LPB 9 (1937) 3443; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 314. = Ficus variegata var. paucinervia (Merr.) Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 367; ≡ Ficus paucinervia Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 44; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 54. = Ficus agusanensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3762. ≠ Ficus laevigata auct. non Vahl; Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 682; Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 125. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, China, India, Indochina, Myanmar, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Solomon Isls, Taiwan, Thailand. BASILAN, BOHOL, BUSUANGA, CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, CEBU, HOMONHON, LAGEN, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra, Albay, Apayao (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: In Malesia throughout the region; forest and secondary growth; often in villages and gardens. 0-1200m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  97. Ficus villosa Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 441; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 68; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 346; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 19 (1962) 390; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 56; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 547; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2439; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194. = Ficus grossivenis Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 227; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 55. = Ficus jaroensis Merr., PJS 10c (1915) 268; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 55; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 343. = Ficus lagunensis Merr., PJS 9c (1914) 273; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 55; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 344. = Ficus propinqua Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 8; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 62; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 345. ≠ Ficus crininervia auct. non Miq.; Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 69; EPFP 2 (1923) 50. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, China, India, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, BOHOL, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra (photos), Apayao (photos), Bataan, Benguet, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur (photos), Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Misamis Oriental (photos), South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), NEGROS, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 0-1700m. Native.
  98. Ficus virens Aiton, Hort. Kew., 1st Ed. 3 (1789) 451; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 376; Burkill, Dict. (1935) 1011; Backer, Bekn. Fl. Java (em. ed.) 6 (1948) fam. 129, p. 51. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Australia, China, India, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Batangas (photos), Quezon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon (photos), Cotabato (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN, PAMALICAN. Notes: Coastal forest, also in monsoon forest, savannah forest, and on cliffs, apparently not in inland lowland rain-forest. 0-800(-1300)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. virens. = Ficus virens var. glabella (Blume) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 377; ≡ Ficus glabella Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 452; ≡ Urostigma glabellum (Blume) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2) (1859) 340; Type: from Indonesia. Distribution: Australia, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. LUZON: Abra, Quezon, PALAWAN. Native.
  99. Ficus virgata Reinw. ex Blume, Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind. (1825) 454; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 17 (1960) 477; Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 75; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 297. = Ficus virgata var. philippinensis (Miq.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17 (1960) 477; ≡ Ficus philippinensis Miq., London J. Bot. 7 (1848) 435; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 61; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 228; Type: Cuming 1937 (K). = Ficus philippinensis var. magnifica (Elmer) Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 229; ≡ Ficus magnifica Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 51; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 61; Type: Elmer 8010, Luzon: Benguet, Sablan, along river. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. BATAN, CAMIGUIN, CAMIGUIN DE BABUYANES, CEBU, GUIMARAS, ITBAYAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao (photos), Aurora, Benguet, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Ifugao, Isabela, Kalinga, Laguna, Mountain Province, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales (photos), MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, MINDORO (photos), NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, TABLAS. Notes: Not reported for Palawan; forest and second growth. 0-1700m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  100. Ficus warburgii Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 247; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 68; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 340; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 60; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 515. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, SAMAR. Notes: Montane forests. 900m. Native.

Cultivated, not naturalized

  1. Ficus benghalensis L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1059; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 381; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 630. Distribution: India, Pakistan. Notes: Widely cultivated in Malesia and elsewhere. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  2. Ficus carica L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 1059; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 47; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21(1965) 36; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 88. Distribution: Afghanistan, Europe, Middle East, Pakistan, W Asia. Notes: Widely cultivated under subtropical conditions. Not naturalized. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  3. Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem., Hort. Bot. Hafn. Suppl. (1819) 7; Roxb., Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 3 (1832) 541; Hort. Beng. (1814) 65, nom. inval., nom. nud.; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 175; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 51; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 24; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 691. Distribution: India, ?Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, ?Sumatra. Notes: Frequently cultivated in the range indicated, as well as elsewhere in the tropics and subtropics. Cultivated, not naturalized.
  4. Ficus natalensis Hochst., Flora 28 (1845) 88. Cultivated, not naturalized.
    • ssp. leprieurii (Miq.) C.C.Berg, Kew Bull. 43 (1988) 88; ≡ Ficus leprieurii Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 219. = Ficus triangularis Warb., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 20 (1894) 170. Distribution: Africa. Notes: Cultivated in the Philippines as an ornamental. Cultivated, not naturalized.

Incertae sedis

  1. Ficus argentea Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 681; Merrill, PJS 20 (1922) 368; Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 701. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO. Notes: Listed under 'dubious and excluded' by Berg & Corner (2005). Native.
  2. Ficus linearipseudopalma Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 235, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 222; Type: BS 35253 Ramos & Pascasio (A, US, iso), Dinagat: May-1919. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT. Notes: Listed as a possible synonym of Ficus cumingii in Berg & Corner (2005). Native.
  3. Ficus merrittii Merr., PJS 4c (1909) 252; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 57; Sata, Contr. Hort. Inst. Taihoku Imp. Univ. 32 (1944) 303; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 701; Type: FB 11466 (US, iso), Mindoro: Apr/May-1908. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Camarines, Quezon, MINDANAO, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Forests at low elevation. Possibly merely a form of Ficus nota with long ferruginous hairs. Native.

Excluded

  1. Ficus binnendykii (Miq.) Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3 (1867) 288; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 20; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 633; ≡ Urostigma binnendykii Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2) (1859) 341. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Sumatra, Vietnam. Notes: Reported from Luzon, but not present in the Philippines according to Berg & Corner (2005).
  2. Ficus iwahigensis Elmer, LPB 4 (1912) 1381; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 55; Sata, Monogr. (1944) 252; Type: Elmer 13008 (A, BISH, BM, E, F, G, K, L, MO, NSW, NY, P, U, US), Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, Apr-1911. Notes: The type specimen is a mixture of leaves of Ficus depressa and figs of Ficus forstenii.
  3. Ficus vasculosa Wall. ex Miq., London J. Bot. 7 (1848) 454; Corner, Gard. Bull. Sing. 21 (1965) 30; C.C.Berg & Corner, Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2005) 167. Distribution: Borneo, China, Indochina, Java, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Sumatra, Thailand. Notes: Forest, up to 1300m. According to Hatusima (1965), Batan plants attributed to Ficus tinctoria are Ficus vasculosa Wall. ex King. However, these are more likely just earlier misidentifications from the species’ assumed occurrence in Taiwan Islands and the northern Philippines, which are now not included in the species’ native range; the characteristic differences observed among these plants only represent variations within the existing populations of F. tinctoria growing on these islands’ rocky sea coasts and forests (Edward Villasis, pers. comm. 25-Jun-24).

Maclura Nutt.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 29 August 2024
  1. Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 19 (1962) 239; ≡ Cudrania cochinchinensis (Lour.) Kudô & Masam., Rep. (Annual) Taihoku Bot. Gard. 2 (1932) 27; ≡ Vanieria cochinchinensis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 565; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 179; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 39. = Maclura amboinensis Blume, Mus. Bot. 2 (1856) 84. = Vanieria grandifolia (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 39; ≡ Cudrania grandifolia Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 52; Type: Wenzel 1883, Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, Placer, in forest, c. 150m, 11-Jul-1916. = Maclura amboinensis Blume var. paucinervia Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 19 (1962) 239; Type: Elmer 15530 (K, in Herb. Trécul), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan. Distribution: Australia, China, India, Indochina, Malesia, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Sri Lanka. BOHOL, LEYTE, LUZON: Abra (photos), Albay, Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan (photos), Cavite, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAUI, PALAWAN. Notes: N Luzon to Mindanao. Dry thickets and secondary forests. 0-1800m. Native.

Malaisia Blanco

Edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 9 July 2026
  1. Malaisia scandens (Lour.) Planch., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris), 4th Sér. 3 (1855) 293; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 178; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 37; Berg et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2006) 65; ≡ Caturus scandens Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 613; ≡ Trophis scandens (Lour.) Hook. & Arn., Bot. Beechey Voy. (1841) 214. = Malaisia tortuosa Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 789. = Malaisia blancoi Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1812. Distribution: Australia, China, Indochina, Malesia, Pacific Ocean, Taiwan. BASILAN, BILIRAN, CEBU, LUZON: Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Cagayan, Isabela (photos), Laguna, NCR, Pampanga (photos), Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS (photos), PALAWAN, PANAY, SIQUIJOR, TICAO. Notes: N Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao. Lowland and medium elevation thickets and forests. 0-1300m. Native.

Morus L. (Not native)

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 6 December 2021
  1. Morus alba L., Sp. Pl., 1st Ed. (1753) 986; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 178; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 36. = Morus australis Poir., Encycl. (Lamarck) 4 (1797) 380; Hatusima, Mem. Fac. Agr. Kagoshima Univ. 5 (1966) 26. Distribution: China. LUZON: Quezon (photos). Notes: Introduced and cultivated in SE Asia. Naturalized.

Parartocarpus Baill.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 30 August 2025
  1. Parartocarpus venenosus (Zoll. & Moritzi) Becc., Nelle Foreste di Borneo (1902) 632; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 77; ≡ Artocarpus venenosus Zoll. & Moritzi, Natuur- Geneesk. Arch. Ned.-Indië 2 (1845) 213. Distribution: BUCAS GRANDE, CATANDUANES (photos), DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Surigao, Zamboanga del Norte (photos), MINDORO, POLILLO (photos), RAPU-RAPU, SAMAR. Notes: 0-1000(-1800)m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • ssp. papuana (Becc.) F.M.Jarrett, J. Arnold Arbor. 41 (1960) 330; ≡ Parartocarpus papuana Becc., Nelle Foreste di Borneo (1902) 633; Type: from New Guinea (Vogelkop). = Parartocarpus woodii (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 2 (1923) 39; ≡ Gymnartocarpus woodii (Merr.) Merr., PJS 18 (1921) 52; W.H.Br., Minor Prod. Philip. For. 2 (1921) 270; ≡ Artocarpus woodii Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 221; Type: Merrill 5259 (PNH, holo, lost; L, NY, P, iso; US; P, isolecto), Bucas Grande, 4-Oct-1906. Distribution: Bismarck Arch, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. BUCAS GRANDE, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Surigao, RAPU-RAPU, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests, up to 600m. Native.

Paratrophis Blume

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 5 October 2022
  1. Paratrophis glabra (Merr.) Steenis, J. Bot. 72 (1934) 8; Gardner et al., Taxon 70 (2021) 975; ≡ Streblus glaber (Merr.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 19 (1962) 221; Berg et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2006) 46; ≡ Gironniera glabra Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 42; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 35. = Aphananthe negrosensis Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 575; ≡ Calaunia negrosensis (Elmer) Grudz., Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1 (1964) 54. = Excoecaria baccifera, ined.; Voucher: Elmer 22014 (NY), Mt Pinatubo. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. CEBU, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Camarines Norte, Ifugao, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, MINDORO, NEGROS. Notes: Forests. (0-)700-2500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Paratrophis philippinensis (Bureau) Fern.-Vill., Fl. Filip., 3rd Ed. 4(Nov. App.) (1880) 98; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 36; Gardner et al., Taxon 70 (2021) 977; ≡ Trophis philippinensis (Bureau) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 19 (1962) 231; Berg et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2006) 63; ≡ Uromorus philippinensis Bureau, Prodr. (A. P. de Candolle) 17 (1873) 237. = Paratrophis grandifolia Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1814; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 36. Distribution: Borneo, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi. BILIRAN, BOHOL, LUZON: Albay, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation damp forests. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Sloetia Teijsm. & Binn.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 3 January 2020
  1. Sloetia elongata (Miq.) Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 2 (1912) 90; Tandang et al., Telopea 20 (2017) 70; ≡ Streblus elongatus (Miq.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 19 (1962) 227; Berg et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2006) 52; ≡ Artocarpus elongatus Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. (1861) 419. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra. DINAGAT. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Streblus Lour.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 11 March 2022
  1. Streblus asper Lour., Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 615; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 177; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 38; Berg et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2006) 42; Gardner et al., Taxon 70 (2021) 982. = Streblus lactescens (Blanco) Blume, Mus. Bot. 2 (1856) 80; ≡ Calius lactescens Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 698. Distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Indochina, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand. CEBU, CORON, GUIMARAS, LUZON: Abra, Bataan, Cagayan (photos), Cavite, Ilocos Norte, La Union, Laguna, NCR, Rizal, Zambales, MINDANAO: Surigao, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY (photos), SEMIRARA. Notes: Throughout the Philippines in low elevation thickets, especially common in regions with pronounced dry season. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Taxotrophis Blume

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 15 May 2024
  1. Taxotrophis ilicifolia (Kurz) S.Vidal, Revis. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 249; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 38; Gardner et al., Taxon 70 (2021) 978; ≡ Streblus ilicifolius (Kurz) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 19 (1962) 227; Berg et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2006) 55; ≡ Balanostreblus ilicifolia Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 42 (1874) 248. = Taxotrophis obtusa Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1813; Type: Elmer 12966, Palawan: Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar, Apr-1911. Distribution: Bangladesh, Borneo, China, Indochina, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Myanmar, New Guinea, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand. BASILAN, CEBU, CORON, DANJUGAN (photos), LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Dry thickets and thin forests at low elevation. Also on limestone. 0-1100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  2. Taxotrophis macrophylla (Blume) Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. (Boerlage) 3 (1900) 359; Gardner et al., Taxon 70 (2021) 979; ≡ Streblus macrophyllus Blume, Mus. Bot. 2 (1856) 80; Berg et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2006) 56. = Taxotrophis mindanaensis (Warb.) Elmer, LPB 5 (1913) 1815; ≡ Pseudotrophis mindanaensis Warb., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1905) 165; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 36. Distribution: Borneo, Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Sulawesi, Thailand. BASILAN, BOHOL, CEBU, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Quezon, MARINDUQUE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, South Cotabato (photos), Zamboanga, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY. Notes: Lowland thickets and forests. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
  3. Taxotrophis taxoides (B.Heyne ex Roth) Chew ex E.M.Gardner, Taxon 70 (2021) 979; ≡ Streblus taxoides (B.Heyne ex Roth) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 19 (1962) 225; Berg et al., Fl. Males. ser. 1, 17 (2006) 59; ≡ Phyllochlamys taxoides (B.Heyne ex Roth) Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 2 (1912) 89; Merrill, EPFP 2 (1923) 38; ≡ Trophis taxoides B.Heyne ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. (1821) 368. = Phyllochlamys taxoides var. parvifolia Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 247. Distribution: India and Sri Lanka to Indochina, Lesser Sunda Isls, Philippines, Sulawesi. LUZON: Aurora (photos), MINDORO, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland dry forests. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

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