Pandanaceae

Benstonea Callm. & Buerki

1. Benstonea affinis (Kurz) Callm. & Buerki, Candollea 67 (2012) 330; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 989; ≡ Pandanus affinis Kurz, J. Bot. 5 (1867) 101; Type: from Indonesia. = Pandanus merrillii Warb., Fragm. Fl. Philipp. (1904) 50; Martelli, PJS 3c (1908) 71; Webbia 4 (1913) 23; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 19; Type: Merrill 840 (B, holo; FI, NY, US, iso), Palawan: Palawan, San Antonio Bay, on dry slopes, 1500ft, Feb-1903. Distribution: Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Vietnam. PALAWAN, SIARGAO. Notes: Primary forests. 0-500m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
2. Benstonea copelandii (Merr.) Callm. & Buerki, Candollea 67 (2012) 332; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 21; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 989; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194; ≡ Pandanus copelandii Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 7; Martelli, Webbia 4 (1913) 11; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 16; St John, Pacific Sc. 23 (1969) 355; Type: Copeland 140 (PNH, holo, lost; FI, iso, lost?), Negros: Gimagon River, in forests, c. 100m, 5-Jan-1904; Elmer 15267 (G, neo; FI, K, L, MO, P, U, UC, US, isoneo), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan, Irosin, Apr-1916. = Pandanus copelandii Merr. var. panchoi B.C.Stone, Fed. Mus. J. 23 (1978) 25; Type: Pancho & Bardenas 4820 (CAHUP, holo), Luzon: Sorsogon, Gubat, 25-Oct-1960. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BATAN, BATAN DE ALBAY, BUCAS GRANDE, CATANDUANES, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Aurora (photos), Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Isabela (photos), Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MANICANI, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur (photos), MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, SIARGAO. Notes: 0-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Freycinetia Gaudich.

1. Freycinetia acutifolia Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 267; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 9; Type: BS 30319 Ramos (US, iso), Catanduanes: back of Calolbong, in forests along small streams at low elevation, 10-Dec-1917. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, SIBUYAN. Notes: Potentially a synonym of Freycinetia philippinensis Hemsl. Native.
2. Freycinetia angulata C.B.Rob. ex Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 16; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 9; Type: BS 6221 Robinson (US, iso?), Luzon: Batan Island (off Albay Prov), 22/23-Aug-1908. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BATAN DE ALBAY. Notes: Potentially a synonym of Freycinetia philippinensis Hemsl. Native.
3. Freycinetia angustifolia Blume, Rumphia 1 (1836) 149; Stone, Gard. Bull. Sing. 25 (1970) 197, 214; Type: from Java. = Freycinetia baganot Martelli, ined.; Voucher: Elmer 12426 (L, E), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting. = Freycinetia insipida Martelli, LPB 3 (1911) 1114; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 11; Type: Elmer 12426, Sibuyan: Magallanes (Magdiwang), Mt Giting-giting, Pauala River, 500-600m. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra. LUZON: Quezon, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests along streams. 500-600m. Native.
4. Freycinetia apayaoensis Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 269; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 9; Type: BS 28034 E. Fénix (NY, US, iso), Luzon: Apayao, Ngagan, in forests, 9-May-1917. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Rizal. Notes: Low elevation forests along streams. Native.
5. Freycinetia apoensis Martelli, LPB 3 (1911) 1111; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 9; Type: Elmer 10781, Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Apo. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, NEGROS. Notes: Forests along streams. 1200m. Native.
6. Freycinetia atocensis Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 23; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 9; Type: Loher 1570. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet. Notes: Probably in forests. At or above 1000m. Native.
7. Freycinetia cultella B.C.Stone, Webbia 23 (1969) 600; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 45; ≡ Freycinetia urdanetensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3808, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 13766 (MO, NY, U, US, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Oct-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, LUZON: Apayao, Ilocos Norte, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte. Notes: (?-)900m. Native.
8. Freycinetia cumingiana Gaudich., Voy. Bonite, Bot. 3 (1841) t.38; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 19; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 10. = Freycinetia luzonensis C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., 5th Ser. 6 (1851) 598; S.Vidal, Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 154; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Filip. (1886) 280; Warb. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 3 (1900) 35; Merrill, PJS 3c (1908) 311; Robinson, PJS 6c (1911) 193; Type: Cuming 1455 (B), Luzon: Camarines Sur, Mt Isarog. = Freycinetia luteocarpa Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3604, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 15930 (NY, syn); Elmer 16016 (MO, NY, syn), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, May-1915; Elmer 15394 (L, NY, syn), initially distributed as Freycinetia membranifolia Elmer, ined., same locality, Dec-1915. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. Native.
9. Freycinetia curranii Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 312; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 14; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 10; Type: FB 11359 Curran, Luzon: Camarines Sur, Mt Isarog, in forest c. 1000m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN, CATANDUANES, LUZON: Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, PANAY. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. 1000m. Native.
10. Freycinetia dilatata Merr. ex Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 214; Merrill, PJS 3c (1908) 313; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 310; Type: Elmer 9008 (NY, US), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, May-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: Possibly a synonym of Freycinetia formosana Hemsl. Native.
11. Freycinetia discoidea Martelli, LPB 3 (1911) 1113; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 10; Stone, Gard. Bull. Sing. 25 (1970) 226; Type: Elmer 12197 (US, iso), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting, Apr-1910. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN, SIBUYAN. Notes: Possibly a synonym of Freycinetia gitingiana Martelli. Native.
12. Freycinetia ensifolia Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 5; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 32; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 10; Type: Merrill 3242 (NY, US, iso), Luzon: Bataan, Mt Mariveles, Lamao River, Oct-1903. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Ifugao, La Union, Laguna, Mountain Province, Pampanga, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Mossy forests. 1000-1600m. Native.
13. Freycinetia ferox Warb., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 9 (1900) 33; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 13; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 10; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 12; Type: Warburg s.n. (B, holo), Luzon: probably Tayabas (Quezon), fide Merrill, 1908. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, HOMONHON, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Lanao, South Cotabato, MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Primary forests. 0-500m. Native.
14. Freycinetia formosana Hemsl., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1896 (1896) 166; Kuo & Hsu in Huang, Fl. Taiwan, 2nd ed. (2000) 698. = Freycinetia banahaensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 215; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 29; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 9. = Freycinetia williamsii Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 315; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 32; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 14; Type: R.S. Williams 1013, Batan: Sto Domingo de Basco (Basco), Jun-1907. = Freycinetia batanensis Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 29; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 9; Type: BS 3806 E. Fénix. = Freycinetia subflagellata Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3098; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 14; Type: Elmer 17967 (MO, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Los Baños, Mt Makiling, vicinity of coffee plantation, Jun/Jul-1917. = Freycinetia irosinensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3602, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 16430 (MO, NA, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, in light woods at 750ft elevation, Jun-1916. Distribution: Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan. BATAN, BATANES, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Primary forests as well as ridge thickets and forest. 0-2000m. Native.
15. Freycinetia fusiformis B.C.Stone, Webbia 23 (1969) 601. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON. Native.
16. Freycinetia gitingiana Martelli, LPB 3 (1911) 1112; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 11; Stone, Gard. Bull. Sing. 25 (1970) 230; Type: Elmer 12358 (NY, US, iso), Sibuyan: Mt Giting-giting, dry forest at 1750ft along trail towards España, Apr-1910. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests 300-500m. Native.
17. Freycinetia jagorii Warb., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 9 (1900) 39; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 25; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 11; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 12; Type: Jagor 954 (B), Samar. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, HOMONHON, LEYTE, LUZON: Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Davao de Oro (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao del Sur, South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. 800m (photos). Native.
18. Freycinetia lagenicarpa Warb., Nachtr. Fl. Schutzgeb. Südsee (1905) 52. Distribution: New Guinea, Philippines. BATAN, BATANES, LUZON: Batangas, Benguet, Ifugao, Laguna, Pangasinan, Rizal, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PANAY. Native.
    • var. bulusanensis (Merr.), ined.; ≡ Freycinetia bulusanensis Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 268; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 10; Type: BS 23686 Ramos (NY, US, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Bulusan, Sep-1915. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon, PANAY. Notes: Apparently in the mossy forests. At or above 900m. Native.
19. Freycinetia leptophylla Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 20; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 11; Type: Loher 5450. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Rizal, MINDORO. Notes: Medium elevation forests. Native.
20. Freycinetia lucbanensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 212; Type: Elmer 8230 (NY, US, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, May-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: Primary forests. 500m. Native.
21. Freycinetia marginata Blume, Rumphia 1 (1837) 158; Keim, Reinwardtia 13 (2012) 274; Type: from New Guinea. = Freycinetia maxima Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 310; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 13; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 11; Type: FB 10754 Curran (US, syn), Luzon: Quezon, Malicboy, 22-Jul-1908; FB Curran 12381 (PNH, syn, lost): Luzon: Albay-Sorsogon, Adumoy Hills, Jun-1908. Distribution: Australia, Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls, Sulawesi. LUZON: Albay, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, NEGROS (photos), SIBUYAN. Notes: 75-125m. Native.
22. Freycinetia megacarpa Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 314; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 31; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 11; Type: Clemens s.n. Distribution: MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests. 650m. Native.
23. Freycinetia merrillii Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 216; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 31; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 11; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 29; Type: Elmer 9010 (MO, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, scandent on shrubbery along creeks at 600m, May-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Quezon, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: Forests along streams. 600m. Native.
24. Freycinetia monocephala Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 78; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 31; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 11; Type: Elmer 7380 (MO, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, very damp and deeply shaded ravines of the forest, 900m, May-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Isabela, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, POLILLO. Notes: Forests. 700m. Native.
25. Freycinetia montalbanica Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 18; Robinson, PJS 6c (1911) 193; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 12; Type: Loher s.n., Luzon: Rizal, Montalban. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal. Notes: Probably in forests at medium elevation. Robinson (1911) also cites seemingly identical materials from Nueva Ecija, Camarines and Polillo. Potentially a synonym of Freycinetia imbricata Blume. Native.
26. Freycinetia multiflora Merr., PJS 2c (1907) 259; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 17; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 12; Raganas et al., Biodiversitas 26 (2025) 1194. = Freycinetia robinsonii var. latifolia Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 18; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 13. Distribution: BILIRAN, CATANDUANES, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Isabela (photos), Laguna, NCR, Pampanga, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MINDANAO: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Misamis Occidental, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests. 0-900m. Native.
27. Freycinetia negrosensis Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 313; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 12; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 28; Type: Whitford 1541 (US, iso), Negros: Negros Occidental, Mt Silay, in forests on exposed ridges, c. 1200m, May-1906. = Freycinetia superba Martelli, LPB 3 (1911) 1115; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 14; Type: Elmer 12257 (B, BISH, L, US, iso), Sibuyan: Magallanes (Magdiwang), Mt Giting-giting, in good soil of forests on ridges or along streams at 300-600m, Apr-1910. = Freycinetia pandanicarpa Elmer, LPB 10 (1938) 3607, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 13683 (MO, NA, NY 2 sheets, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, wooded areas and upon steep ravines, 2500ft, Aug-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, DINAGAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, SAMAR, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests. 300-1200m. Native.
28. Freycinetia nonatoae A.P.Keim & C.C.Tan, Blumea 65 (2020) 102, as 'nonatoi'; Type: C.C. Tan 002 (BO, holo; USTH, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Llavac, c. 465m, 14-May-2013. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: 465m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (Keim & Tan 2020). Native.
29. Freycinetia oblongifolia Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 310; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 12; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 16; Type: Bolster 342 (MO, syn); Bolster 249 (syn), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, Surigao, May & Feb-1906, respectively, in forests, 100-130m. = Freycinetia platyphylla Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 267; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 12; Type: BS 24349 Ramos, Samar: Catubig River at Pinpisakan, forest near the river, 21-Mar-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Surigao, Surigao del Norte, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Lowland primary forests. 100-130m. Native.
30. Freycinetia palawanensis Merr. ex Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 216; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 23; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 12; Type: BS 706 Foxworthy (NY, iso), Palawan: Victoria Peak, 900m, Mar-1906. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur, NEGROS, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: 600-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. palawanensis. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Lanao del Sur, PALAWAN, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: Primary forests. 600-1000m. Native.
    • var. andersoniana B.C.Stone, Gard. Bull. Singapore 25 (1970) 222; Type: from Sarawak. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: Known in the Philippines from PNH 10082 Sulit. Native.
31. Freycinetia peripiezocarpa Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 30; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 12; Type: FB 10858 Curran (US, syn), Luzon: Benguet, Dec-1908. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, MINDORO. Notes: Possibly a synonym of Freycinetia formosana Hemsl. Native.
32. Freycinetia philippinensis Hemsl., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1896 (1896) 165; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 25; Merrill, PJS 3c (1908) 313; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 12; Type: Cuming 1898 (K, syn); Gregory 117 (syn), Luzon: Quezon, Aug-1904. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, BILIRAN, LUZON: ?Apayao (photos), Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, PANAY, SAMAR. Notes: Low and medium elevation primary forests. Native.
33. Freycinetia polystachya Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 14; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 13. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Quezon, Rizal, POLILLO. Notes: Medium elevation forests. Native.
34. Freycinetia quezonensis A.P.Keim, M.G.Nonato, C.C.Tan & W.Sujarwo, Taiwania 66 (2021) 61; Type: C.C. Tan s.n. (BO, holo; USTH, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Llavac, 14-May-2013. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon. Notes: 800-900m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Keim et al. 2021). Native.
35. Freycinetia rigida Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 362; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 26; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 13; Type: Elmer 7847. = Freycinetia botuliformis Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 268; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 10; Type: BS 23363 Ramos (A, US, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Mt Lalao, in damp forests, Sep-1915. = Freycinetia robusta Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 3097; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 13; Type: Elmer 18026 (MO, US, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Los Baños, Mt Makiling, creek bottom of the so-called crater, Jun/Jul-1917. = Freycinetia cuernosensis Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 26; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 10; Type: Elmer 9677 (US, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, Mar-1906. = Freycinetia hemsleyi Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 214, nom. illeg., non Warb.; Type: Elmer 7847 (NY, US, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, foothill woods at 800m, May-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay, Benguet, Cagayan, Ifugao, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDORO, NEGROS, PANAY. Notes: Medium elevation primary forests. 800m. Native.
36. Freycinetia robinsonii Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 311; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 17; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 13; Stone, Gard. Bull. Sing. 25 (1970) 228; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 29; Type: FB 3037 Borden. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, MINDORO, PALAWAN, SAMAR. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. robinsonii. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. Notes: Possibly a synonym of Freycinetia multiflora Merr. Native.
37. Freycinetia rostrata Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 3; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 34; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 13; Type: Clemens 475, Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Camp Keithley, Apr-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, NEGROS, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN. Notes: Potentially a synonym of Freycinetia devriesei Solm. Low and medium elevation forests. Native.
38. Freycinetia scabripes Warb., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 9 (1900) 41; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 27; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 13; Type: Warburg s.n. (B). Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Isabela, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, SAMAR. Notes: Possibly a synonym of Freycinetia formosana Hemsl. Native.
39. Freycinetia sphaerocephala Gaudich., Voy. Bonite, Bot. 3 (1842) t.52; Warb. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 3 (1900) 35; Merrill, PJS 3c (1908) 314; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 13; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 33; Type: ?Cuming 839 (Merrill 1908) (K, iso), Luzon: Albay. = Freycinetia globosa Merr., PJS 2c (1907) 260; Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 217; Type: Merrill 5791 (NY, US, iso), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Mt Halcon, in forest, 1150m, Nov-1906. = Freycinetia surigaoensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3774, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 13725 (G, L, MO, NY, P, U iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdaneta, Sep-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Albay, Apayao, Aurora, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan, Agusan del Norte, MINDORO, SAMAR. Notes: Forests. 600-700m (photos) to 1150m. Native.
40. Freycinetia stricta B.C.Stone, Webbia 23 (1969) 600. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Native.
41. Freycinetia sumatrana Hemsl., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1896 (1896) 167; Stone, Gard. Bull. Sing. 25 (1970) 201; Keim et al., Gard. Bull. Singapore 63 (2011) 34; Type: from Sumatra. = Freycinetia auriculata Merr., PJS 3c (1908) 312; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 15; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 9; Type: BS 876 Foxworthy (PNH, holo, lost; NY, US, iso), Palawan: near Puerto Princesa, May-1906. = Freycinetia loheri Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 15; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 11; Type: Loher 1577 (K, syn; PBH, isosyn, lost): Luzon: Benguet, 1918-1915; Loher 1578 (syn); Loher 5469 (L, iso), Luzon: Rizal, Montalban, Jun-1905. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand. BASILAN, LUZON: Apayao, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Rizal, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland to medium elevation forests. 0-500m. Native.
42. Freycinetia vidalii Hemsl., Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1896 (1896) 166; Warb. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 3 (1900) 36; Merrill, PJS 3c (1908) 311; Martelli, LPB 3 (1910) 21; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 14; Type: Vidal 3964 (K), Luzon: Nueva Vizcaya, Bayombon (Bayombong). = Freycinetia confusa Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 213; Type: Elmer 9007 (MO, NY, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, in woods at 650m, May-1907. Distribution: CATANDUANES, LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Surigao, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests. 0-1200m. Native.
43. Freycinetia warburgii Elmer, LPB 1 (1907) 218; Martelli, Webbia 3 (1910) 34; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 14; Type: Elmer 8229 (L, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, swampy wooded area, 500m, May-1909. = Freycinetia sorsogonensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3608, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 15833 (MO, NY), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, humid forest at 1000ft, Apr-1916. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, POLILLO. Notes: Medium elevation forests. 300-500m. Native.

Pandanus Parkins.

1. Pandanus apoensis Martelli, LPB 3 (1911) 1129; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 15; Type: Elmer 11313 (A, BISH 2 sheets, L, MO NY, US), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Apo, Todaya, damp fertile humus-covered soil of dense woods at 4000ft S of the Sibulan River, Aug-1909. = Pandanus apiculatus Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 240; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 15; Type: BS 34572 Ramos & Pascasio (US, iso), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, on ridges, c. 690m at the iron deposit on the NE coast, 25-Apr-1919. = Pandanus dinagatensis Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 240; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 17; Fernando et al., Forest Flora of Dinagat (2017) 75; Type: BS 35183 Ramos & Pascasio (A, US, iso), Dinagat: forests along streams at low elevation, 12-May-1919. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. DINAGAT, MINDANAO: Davao, Davao del Sur, Surigao del Norte. Notes: Lowland forests along streams; ridges on iron deposits (presumably also on ultramafics which abound in Surigao del Norte), to lower montane forest on Mt Apo. (?-)400-1200m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
2. Pandanus barai Martelli, LPB 3 (1911) 1126; Webbia 4 (1913) 7; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 15; Type: Elmer 10924 (BISH 2 sheets, L, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Apo, Todaya, very moist humus-covered soil at 3500ft on the N flank of the Baruring River, Jun-1909. = Pandanus calceiformis Martelli, LPB 3 (1911) 1127; Webbia 4 (1913) 9; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 16; Type: Elmer 11654 (L, MO, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Apo, Todaya, dry soil of a wooded ridge near the Mainit Creek at 1350m, Sep-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur. Notes: Low to medium elevation forests. 0-1350m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
3. Pandanus basilocularis Martelli, Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1904 (1904) 299. = Pandanus decipiens Martelli, Webbia 4 (1914) 403; Webbia 4 (1914) 402; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 16; Type: Elmer 12593 (B, GH, L, MO, NY, U, US, iso), Palawan: Brookes Point, Addison Peak (Mt Maruyog), swampy black soil of woods at 25ft, Mar-1911. Distribution: Borneo, Philippines. BALABAC, PALAWAN. Notes: Low elevation forests and thickets, often behind mangroves. 0-8m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). DAO category: Other Threatened Species. Native.
4. Pandanus biliranensis Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 266; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 15; Type: BS 18895 McGregor (A, BISH, US, iso), Biliran: in forest, c. 300m, 20-Jun-1914. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, LEYTE, LUZON: Sorsogon (photos), SAMAR (photos). Notes: Forests. 300m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
5. Pandanus botryoides Martelli, PJS 3c (1908) 66; Webbia 4 (1913) 8; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 15; Type: Merrill 5442 (BISH, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao Oriental, Cateel (formerly under Surigao, locality in the orginal label indicated as Catel), along tidal streams, Oct-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Davao Oriental, Lanao del Sur, Surigao, POLILLO, SAMAR. Notes: Merrill (1922) has reservations on the distinction of this species with Pandanus radicans Blanco. Forests along tidal streams, also along lake shore in Lanao del Sur. 0-650m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
6. Pandanus brevispathus Martelli, PJS 3c (1908) 69; Webbia 4 (1913) 8; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 15; Type: Copeland 442 (BISH, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, thickets in coastal Barringtonia formation, Mar-1904. ≠ Pandanus polycephalus auct. non Lam.; Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 17 (1904) 8. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao. Notes: Possibly a synonym of Pandanus polycephalus Lam. Coastal thickets. 0m. Native.
7. Pandanus calamianensis Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 448; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 247; Type: BS 41178 Ramos (A, B, BISH, US, iso), Busuanga: in forests along small streams at low elevation, 23-Sep-1922. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUSUANGA, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland forests along small streams. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
8. Pandanus cheilostigma B.C.Stone, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 94 (1974) 535; Type: PNH 12081 Edaño (A, iso), Leyte: Leyte, Ormoc, Mt Janagdan, summit, 1190m, 7-Apr-1950. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental (photos), Surigao del Sur (photos). Notes: 50-100m (photos) to 1190m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
9. Pandanus cubicus H.St.John, Pacific Sci. 23 (1969) 360; Type: BS 44786 Ramos & Edaño (K, holo; A, UC, US, iso), Luzon: Zambales, Mt Marayep, Dec-1924. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Zambales, SIBUYAN, TABLAS. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
10. Pandanus cumingianus Martelli, PJS 3c (1908) 70; Webbia 4 (1913) 11; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 16; Type: Cuming s.n. (BM, photo of type with syncarp only), Negros. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Quezon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, MINDORO, NEGROS. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
11. Pandanus dubius Spreng., Syst. Veg., 16th Ed. 3 (1826) 897; Martelli, Webbia 4 (1913) 12; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 17; Type: from Moluccas. Distribution: Borneo, Java, Moluccas, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Sulawesi. DANJUGAN (photos), GIGATANGAN, JOLO, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Davao, NEGROS (photos), PANAY (photos), SIBUYAN, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Coastal thickets or forests. 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
    • var. compressus (Martelli) B.C.Stone, Kew Bull. 31 (1976) 50; ≡ Pandanus compressus Martelli, Webbia 1 (1905) 363; Type: from Solomon Isls. Native.
    • var. dubius. Native.
12. Pandanus esculentus Martelli, Webbia 4 (1914) 403; Webbia 4 (1914) 403; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 17; Type: FB 17813 Curran (US, iso), Luzon: Cagayan, Jan-1912. = Pandanus paracalensis Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 450; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 247; Type: BS 33687 Ramos & Edaño (A, BISH, US, iso), Luzon: Camarines Norte, Paracale, in forests along small streams at low elevation, 30-Nov-1918. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, LUZON: Apayao, Aurora, Benguet, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Nueva Ecija (photos), Quezon, Sorsogon. Notes: Forests. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
13. Pandanus exaltatus Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 778; Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 536; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 3 (1879) 183; Warb. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 3 (1900) 84; Martelli, PJS 3c (1908) 64; Webbia 4 (1913) 13; Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 54; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 17; Type: Not extant. = Pandanus ahernianus forma ahernianus Martelli, PJS 3c (1908) 64; Webbia 4 (1913) 13; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 17; Type: Dec Philip. Forest Fl. 296 leg. Ahern’s Collector (A, US, syn), Luzon: Rizal, Bosoboso, upper hill forests, Feb-1905; Bolster 89 (syn), Luzon: Pampanga, Mt Arayat, base of the mountain along streams, May-1905. = Pandanus arayatensis Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 7; Merrill, PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 25; Martelli, Webbia 41 (1913) 6; Type: Merrill 3832 (NY, US, iso), Luzon: Pampanga, Mt Arayat, in forest only at and near the summit at 878m, May-1904. = Pandanus banahaensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 79; Martelli, Webbia 41 (1913) 7, as ‘banahaoensis’; Type: Elmer 7378 (L, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Mt Banahaw, Mar-1906. = Pandanus vidalii Martelli, PJS 3c (1908) 65; Webbia 41 (1913) 36; Type: Whitford 1325, Luzon: Bataan, Limay Peak, above 850m, at the head of Lamao River. = Pandanus caudatus Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 6; Martelli, Webbia 4 (1913) 9; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 16; Type: Elmer 6143 (B, NY, US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Sablan, Apr-1904. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Apayao, Bataan, Benguet, Cagayan, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, MINDANAO: Cotabato, South Cotabato, MINDORO. Notes: Forests or thickets. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
14. Pandanus gracilis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 778; Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 536; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 3 (1879) 182; Martelli, Webbia 4 (1913) 16; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 18; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 12; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 29; Type: Not extant, Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 896 (US) may perhaps be designated as neotype: Luzon: Bataan, Mar-1915. Merrill Sp. Blancoanae 890 (US), labeled as an ‘illustrative specimen’ for Pandanus gracilis represents another taxon. B.C. Stone annotated it as Pandanus clementis Merr. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BILIRAN, HOMONHON, LUZON: Aurora, Bataan, Camarines, Laguna, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Rizal, Zambales, SAMAR. Notes: Primary forests. 0-1000m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
15. Pandanus hermesii B.C.Stone, Kalikasan 5 (1976) 25; Type: PNH 108953 Gutierrez, Yen & Reynoso (BISH, iso), Mindanao: South Cotabato, Tasaday, primary forest on ridge, 3000ft, Aug-1972. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Cotabato, South Cotabato. Notes: 900m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
16. Pandanus julifer Martelli, Webbia 4 (1914) 428; Webbia 4 (1914) 428; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 18, as ‘juliferus’; Type: BS 14670 Ramos (US, iso), Camiguin: Camiguin, Mar/Apr-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CAMIGUIN. Notes: Apparently very near Pandanus polyglossus Martelli. Probably in forest. 1000m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
17. Pandanus kaida Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 38 (1869) 148; Type: from Thailand. = Pandanus busuangaensis Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 449; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 247; Type: BS 41224 Ramos (A, B, BISH, US, iso), Busuanga: near the seashore, 20-Sep-1922. Distribution: Cambodia, China, India, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. BUSUANGA. Notes: Timothy Gallaher (pers. comm.) considers Pandanus busuangensis a synonym of Pandanus kaida. Along the seashore. 0m. Native.
18. Pandanus lateralis Martelli, PJS 3c (1908) 68; Webbia 4 (1913) 20; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 18; Type: Copeland 386, erroneously cited as ‘336’ by Merrill (1922) (US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mar-1904. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Cotabato, Davao del Sur. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
19. Pandanus leonardocoi P.M.Zamora & Gruezo, Asia Life Sci. 25 (2016) 640; Type: Zamora s.n. (PUH14580, holo), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, Nonoc Island, 18-Jul-1998. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. NONOC. Notes: Only known from type. Low elevation. Conservation status: Vulnerable (Zamora & Gruezo 2016). Native.
20. Pandanus luzonensis Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 17 (1904) 6; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 18; Martelli, Webbia 4 (1913) 22; Type: Merrill 3317 (US, iso), Luzon: Bataan, Lamao River, Oct-1903. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, Bulacan, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales. Notes: Lowland secondary forests. 390m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1). Native.
21. Pandanus martellii Elmer, LPB 1 (1908) 272; Martelli, Webbia 4 (1913) 23; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 19; Type: Elmer 9082 (L, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Lucban, in forest, May-1907. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Laguna, Quezon, Rizal. Notes: Medium elevation forests. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
22. Pandanus mindanaensis Martelli, LPB 3 (1911) 1121; Webbia 4 (1913) 24, as 'mindanaoensis’; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 19; Type: Elmer 10823 (BISH 2 sheets, L, MO, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, dense humid forests at 4000ft S of Baruring River, Jun-1909. = Pandanus acladus Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 265; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 15; Type: BS 30462 Ramos (US, iso), Catanduanes: Catanduanes, in damp forests, 10-Dec-1917. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Isabela, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao del Sur. Notes: Forests along streams, lower montane forest. 150-1200m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
23. Pandanus multibracteatus Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 241; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 19; Odulio et al., Biodivers. Data J. 14 (2026) 29; Type: BS 34571 (A, US, iso), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, iron deposit on the NE coast on the Hegapit River, c. 680m, 25-Apr-1919. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte, SAMAR. Notes: 680m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
24. Pandanus nobilis Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 134; Type: BS 45568 Ramos & Edaño (NY, iso), Luzon: Aurora, Casiguran, along streams in damp forest at low elevation, 5-May-1925. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Isabela. Notes: Allied to Pandanus exaltatus Blanco, differing in its larger drupes and much larger syncarps. Forests along stream. 0-400m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
25. Pandanus occultus Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 265; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 19; Type: Merrill 9361 (BISH, L, NY, US, iso), Palawan: Taytay, periodically swampy during the rainy season, slightly above sea level, 7-May-1913. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Notes: Primary lowland swamp forests. 0m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
26. Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2 (1891) 737; ≡ Keura odorifera Forssk., Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. (1775) 172. = Pandanus odoratissimus L.f., Suppl. Pl. (1782) 424; S.Vidal, Sinopsis Atlas (1883) 42. = Pandanus spiralis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 777, nom. illeg., non R.Br.; Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 535; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 3 (1879) 181; Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 89; Type: FB 92 Barnes, Luzon: Bataan, Lamao, on sandy beach, Nov-1903. = Pandanus blancoi Kunth, Enum. Pl. (Kunth) 3 (1841) 583. = Pandanus linnaei forma philippinensis Martelli, Webbia 4 (1914) 98; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 18; Type: Merrill 4140, Semerara (Semirara), Open grasslands along borders of thickets but near the sea, Jul-1905. Distribution: Andaman Isls, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, India, Indian Ocean, Java, Laos, Lesser Sunda Isls, Malay Peninsula, Myanmar, Philippines, Ryukyu Isls, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. BALABAC, BATANES, BILIRAN, BORACAY (photos), BUSUANGA, CAPUL, CATANDUANES, CULION, DANJUGAN (photos), GOLO, HUNDRED ISLS (photos), KALANGGAMAN, LUBANG, LUZON: Aurora (photos), Cagayan, Camarines, Isabela, Laguna, NCR, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, Zambales, MANGSEE, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, Surigao, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, ?PANAY (photos), POLILLO, SAMAR, SEMIRARA, SIASI, SIDANAO, TAGANAK. Notes: P.B. Pelser (30-Mar-25): also considered a synonym of Pandanus tectorius, because of minimal morphological and genetic differences (Santor et al. 2021). Low elevation thickets. Widespread, coastal and marshlands near coastal areas. 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
27. Pandanus pallidus Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 5; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 19; Martelli, Webbia 4 (1913) 26; Type: Elmer 5840 (B, BISH, NY US, iso), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1904. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ilocos Norte, Nueva Ecija. Notes: Forested stream depressions. 0-1500m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
28. Pandanus paloensis Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 75; Martelli, Webbia 4 (1913) 26; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 19. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Apayao, Cagayan, Camarines, Camarines Norte, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon (photos), Davao del Sur, Lanao, Lanao del Sur, NEGROS (photos), SAMAR (photos), SIBUYAN. Notes: Lowland forests. 50m (photos). Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
29. Pandanus panayensis Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 366; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 20; Type: BS 30796 Ramos & Edaño (A, BISH, US), Panay: Aklan, Mt Magosolon (indicated in the label as Mt Macosolon; Aklan is formerly a part of the province of Capiz), on forested slopes, 22-Apr-1918. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY. Notes: Low or medium elevation forest. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
30. Pandanus patelliformis Merr., PJS 29 (1926) 476; Type: BS 43151 Ramos (PNH, holo, lost?; UC 2 sheets, possible lecto; A, iso), Bohol: Kalingohan, on rocky forested slopes, c. 600m, Aug-1923. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL, DINAGAT, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte. Notes: Medium elevation forest, possibly on limestone. (?-)600m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
31. Pandanus philippinensis Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 264; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 20; Coritico et al., PJS 151 (2022) 2440; Type: BS 11289 R.C. McGregor (BISH, US), Luzon: Nueva Vizcaya, Campote, on forested hillsides, Mar-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Kalinga, Nueva Ecija (photos), Nueva Vizcaya, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Notes: Medium elevation on forested slopes. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
32. Pandanus piricus H.St.John, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 101 (1980) 389; Type: ?PNH 12082 Edaño (L), Leyte: Leyte, Ormoc, Mt Janagdan, summit, 1190m, 7-Apr-1950. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE. Notes: 1190m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
33. Pandanus polycephalus Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 1 (1783) 372. = Pandanus mapola Martelli, LPB 3 (1911) 1124; Webbia 4 (1913) 22; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 19; Type: Elmer 12139a (BISH, L, MO, NY, iso), Sibuyan: Magallanes (Magdiwang), compact fertile soil near Nipa swamp at 100ft. Distribution: SIBUYAN. Notes: Lowland thickets and forests. 30m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
34. Pandanus polyglossus Martelli, LPB 3 (1911) 1130; Webbia 4 (1913) 28; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 20; Type: Elmer 11335 (BISH 2 sheets, L, MO, NY, US), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Apo, Todaya, moist humus-covered soil upon a steep forested ravine at 4500ft of Mt Calelan, Aug-1909. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao, Davao del Sur, South Cotabato. Notes: Primary forest. 1350m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
35. Pandanus pricei P.M.Zamora & Gruezo, Asia Life Sci. 25 (2016) 643; Type: Zamora s.n. (PUH14581, holo), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, Nonoc Island, 18-Jul-1998. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. NONOC. Notes: Only known from type. Low elevation. Conservation status: Vulnerable (Zamora & Gruezo 2016). Native.
36. Pandanus radicans Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 780; Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 537; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 3 (1879) 184; Martelli, Webbia 4 (1913) 29; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 20. = Pandanus urdanetensis Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3775, nom. inval., no Latin descr.; Type: Elmer 13816 (L, MO, NY, U, US, iso), Mindanao: Agusan del Norte, Cabadbaran, Mt Urdeneta, Oct-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, LEYTE, LUZON: Batangas, Laguna, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, ?SAMAR (photos). Notes: Medium elevation forests. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
37. Pandanus ramosii Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 242; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 20; Type: BS 35136 Ramos (US, iso), Bucas Grande, low elevation dry forest, 10-Jun-1919. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE, DINAGAT, MINDANAO: Surigao del Norte. Notes: Low elevation. (?-)800m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
38. Pandanus reclinatus Martelli, Webbia 4 (1914) 432; Webbia 4 (1914) 432; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 20; Type: Elmer 12731 (FI, holo; BISH, L, MO, U, US, iso), Palawan: Palawan, Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar (Thumb Peak), Mar-1911. = Pandanus depauperatus Merr., PJS 26 (1925) 448; Merrill, EPFP 4 (1926) 247; Type: BS 41230 Ramos (A, B, US, iso), Busuanga: Concepcion, along small streams in bamboo thickets at low elevation, Sep-1922. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUSUANGA, PALAWAN. Notes: Lowland forests and bamboo thickets. (?-)75m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
39. Pandanus sibuyanensis Martelli, LPB 3 (1911) 1120; Webbia 4 (1913) 31, as ‘sibujanensis’; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 20; Type: Elmer 12146 (MO, NY, US, iso), Sibuyan: Magallanes (Magdiwang), fertile swampy flat of woods near the Pauala River at 1000ft, forming groves. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Norte, SIBUYAN. Notes: Forests. 300-350m. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
40. Pandanus simplex Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 6; Martelli, Webbia 4 (1913) 31; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 20; Type: Whitford 782, Luzon: Quezon, Infanta, Tinuan (Tignoan) River, on hilltops, 150m, Sep-1904. = Pandanus utilissimus Elmer, LPB 1 (1906) 80; Martelli, PJS 3c (1908) 67; Webbia 41 (1913) 36; Robinson, PJS 6c (1911) 193; Type: Elmer 7379 (A, L, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Mt Banahaw de Lucban, May-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests, also planted. A species remarkable for its enormous syncarps. 150m. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.
41. Pandanus subacaulis Merr., PJS 13c (1918) 263; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 21; Type: BS 30489 Ramos (US, iso), Catanduanes: on forested slopes along Sto Domingo River, 5-Dec-1917. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES. Notes: Low and medium elevation forests. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
42. Pandanus tectorius Parkinson, Naturforscher (Halle) 4 (1774) 250; Martelli, Webbia 4 (1913) 33; Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 66; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 21; Batuyong et al., Biodiversitas 21 (2020) 3974; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 989; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 12; Cañeda et al., Davao Research J. 16 (2025) 91. = Pandanus sabotan Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 779; ed. 2 (1845) 537; ed. 3, 3 (1879) 184; Martelli, Webbia 4 (1913) 30; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 20. = Pandanus tectorius var. spiralis Martelli, PJS 3c (1908) 62; Webbia 4, 1 (1913) 34; ≡ Pandanus malatensis Blanco, Fl. Filip., 1st Ed. (1837) 777; Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 535; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 3 (1879) 181; Warb. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 3 (1900) 84; Merr., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 27 (1905) 89; Martelli, PJS 3c (1908) 70; Webbia 41 (1913) 22. = Pandanus tectorius var. surigaensis Martelli, PJS 3c (1908) 64; Webbia 41 (1913) 34, as ‘suringaensis’. = Pandanus tectorius var. sinensis Warb., Pflanzenr. (Engler) IV, 9 (1900) 48; Martelli, PJS 3c (1908) 62; Webbia 41 (1913) 34. = Pandanus tectorius var. douglasii forma philippinensis Martelli, PJS 3c (1908) 63; Webbia 41 (1913) 33. = Pandanus vidalii Martelli, PJS 3c (1908) 65; Webbia 41 (1913) 36. = Pandanus coronatus Martelli, PJS 3c (1908) 65; Webbia 41 (1913) 11. Distribution: Australia, Bismarck Arch, Java, Lesser Sunda Isls, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific Ocean, Philippines, Solomon Isls. APULIT, HOMONHON, KALANGGAMAN, LUZON: Bataan, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, NCR, Sorsogon, MANTIGUE, MINDANAO: Davao Occidental, Surigao, Surigao del Sur, SIARGAO. Notes: Coastal, rare or in cultivation. 0m. Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN 3.1). Native.
43. Pandanus tenuipedunculatus Merr., PJS 17 (1920) 243; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 22; Type: BS 34739 Ramos & Pascasio (US, iso), Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, in open forests at low elevation, 20-Jun-1919. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Surigao, Surigao del Norte, SIARGAO. Notes: Very similar to Pandanus brevispathus Martelli. Lowland open forests. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
44. Pandanus umbonatus Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 134; Type: BS 46967 Ramos & Edaño (A, holo; NY, US, iso), Luzon: Isabela, San Mariano, damp forests, 600m, 22-Feb-1926. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao, Isabela. Notes: BS 46998 Ramos & Edaño (A) collected in the same area at the type locality, was annotated by KL Huynh in 1975 as holotype of Pandanus lateralistigma (apparently an unpublished name). Forests, abundant along streams. 600-800m. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
45. Pandanus zamboangensis Martelli, Webbia 4 (1914) 426; Webbia (1914) 426; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 22; Type: Merrill 8051 (US, iso), Mindanao: Lanao del Norte, Camp Overton, 22-Nov-1911. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Lanao, Lanao del Norte, Zamboanga, Zamboanga Sibugay, SULU ARCHIPELAGO, TAWI-TAWI. Notes: Lowland thickets and secondary forests. Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Possibly present

1. Pandanus brachyspathus Martelli, Webbia 4 (1914) 420. Distribution: Moluccas, ?Philippines, Sulawesi.

Incertae sedis

1. Pandanus brevistipes Martelli, Webbia 4 (1914) 421; Webbia 4 (1914) 421; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 15; Type: FB 7719 Curran & Merritt, On ridges in forests, c. 800 m. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Batangas. Notes: Not included in Timothy Gallaher's key. 800m. Native.
2. Pandanus camarinensis Merr., PJS 14 (1919) 367; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 16; Type: BS 33635 (A, US, iso), Luzon: Camarines Norte, Paracale, in damp forests at low elevation, 21-Dec-1918. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Norte. Notes: The leaves mounted on the isotype sheet at US belong to Pandanus luzonensis Merr. Possibly not distinct from Pandanus esculentus Martelli. Not included in Timothy Gallaher's key. Lowland forests. Conservation status: Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1). Native.
3. Pandanus clementis Merr., PJS 1(Suppl.) (1906) 178; Martelli, Webbia 4 (1913) 10; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 16; Type: Clemens 436, Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, c. 800m, Mar-1906. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur, PANAY, SIBUYAN. Notes: Not included in Timothy Gallaher's key. Forests. 100-800m. Native.
4. Pandanus glauciferus H.St.John, Pacific Sci. 15 (1961) 327; ≡ Pandanus glauciphyllus C.B.Rob., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35 (1908) 64, nom. illeg., non Ridl.; Martelli, Webbia 4 (1913) 15; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 18; Type: R.S. Williams 2423 (NY, holo; A, NY 2 sheets, US, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga, Sax River, 28-Feb-1905. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE, DINAGAT, MINDANAO: Zamboanga, NEGROS, ROMBLON, SIARGAO. Notes: Not included in Timothy Gallaher's key. Lowland forests. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
5. Pandanus hemisphaericus H.St.John, Pacific Sci. 23 (1969) 364; Type: Merrill 1312 (G, holo; FI, L, NY, MO, iso), Palawan: Taytay, May-1913. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS, PALAWAN. Notes: Not included in Timothy Gallaher's key. Conservation status: Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
6. Pandanus loherianus Martelli, Webbia 4 (1914) 423; Webbia 4 (1914) 423; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 18. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Rizal. Notes: Not included in Timothy Gallaher's key. Low or medium elevation forests along streams. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.
7. Pandanus retusus H.St.John, Pacific Sci. 23 (1969) 362; Type: Weber 1568 (G, holo; FI, P, iso), Luzon: Cagayan, Abulug River, Jan-1912. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan. Notes: Not included in Timothy Gallaher's key. Known only from the type collection. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1). Native.

Sararanga Hemsl.

1. Sararanga philippinensis Merr., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 29 (1905) 5; Merrill, EPFP 1 (1923) 22; Cortez et al., Check List 19 (2023) 989; Romeroso et al., J. Asia-Pacific Biodiv. 17 (2024) 12. Distribution: Endemic to the Philippines. ALABAT, BOHOL, CALICOAN (photos), DINAGAT, HOMONHON, LEYTE (photos), LUZON: Albay, Camarines Norte, Quezon, Sorsogon, MANICANI (photos), MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental (photos), Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, PONEAS, SAMAR, SIARGAO, SIBUYAN. Notes: Chiefly in secondary forests. 0-750m. DAO category: Vulnerable. Native.