Adelmeria Ridl. [Endemic to the Philippines]

1. Adelmeria alpina Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2885; --Docot et al., Taxon 68 (2019) 508; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 236; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 41; --Alpinia alpina (Elmer) R.M.Sm. ex M.F.Newman, Lhuillier & A.D.Poulsen, Blumea Suppl. 16 (2004) 7; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 37; --Type: Elmer Elmer 10642 (NY, lecto; BISH, BO, DS [CAS], F, GH, K, NY, US, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Todaya, Mt Apo, May-1909. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, North Cotabato, South Cotabato, NEGROS, PANAY. Forests, 1200-2400m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Docot et al. 2019). Photos
2. Adelmeria dicranochila Docot & Banag, Taxon 68 (2019) 509; --Type: Docot 0084 (PNH, holo; FEUH, USTH, iso), Luzon: Quezon Prov, Tayabas, Brgy Lalo, Mt Banahaw, 1729m, 26-Jun-2016. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal. Conservation status: Endangered (Docot et al. 2019). Photos
3. Adelmeria gigantifolia (Elmer) Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2963; --Docot et al., Taxon 68 (2019) 509; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 236; --Alpinia gigantifolia (Elmer) R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 65; --Zingiber gigantifolium Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2916; --Type: Elmer 9282 (NY, lecto; BISH, F, G, K, MO, US, isolecto), Luzon: Quezon Prov, Tayabas, Mt Banahaw, 15-May-1907. Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, LUZON: Albay, Aurora, Camarines Norte, Quezon, Sorsogon, NEGROS, PANAY. Forests on talus slopes and along small streams, 130-1000m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Docot et al. 2019). Photos
4. Adelmeria isarogensis Docot & Banag, Taxon 68 (2019) 511; --Type: Docot 0065 (PNH, holo; FEUH, NY, USTH, iso), Luzon: Camarines Sur Prov, Naga City, Brgy Panicuason, Mt Isarog, 1769m, 2-Jun-2016. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay, Camarines Sur. Conservation status: Endangered (Docot et al. 2019). Photos
5. Adelmeria leonardoi Docot & Banag, Taxon 68 (2019) 513; --Type: Docot 0096 (PNH, holo; FEUH, NY, USTH, iso), Luzon: Aurora Prov, Dingalan, Brgy Davil- Davilan, Mt Mingan, 1330m, 16-Jun-2017. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Docot et al. 2019). Photos
6. Adelmeria oblonga Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 443; --Docot et al., Taxon 68 (2019) 515; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 236; --Alpinia oblonga (Merr.) Loesen. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15a (1930) 620; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 37; --Type: Vanoverbergh 3108 (US, lecto), Luzon: Mountain Province, Bauko, along streams, c. 1500m, Apr-1913. --Adelmeria albida Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2964; --Type: Elmer 15912 (L, lecto; BISH, BO, F, FI, G, GH, HBG, K, NY, P, U, US, Z, isolecto), Luzon: Sorsogon Prov, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, Apr-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Benguet, Camarines Sur, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Sorsogon. Low and medium elevation forests, ascending to 1500m. Conservation status: Near Threatened (Docot et al. 2019). Photos
7. Adelmeria paradoxa (Ridl.) Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 444; EPFP 1 (1923) 236; --Docot et al., Taxon 68 (2019) 516; --Alpinia paradoxa (Ridl.) Loesen. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15a (1930) 620; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 53; --Hornstedtia paradoxa Ridl., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1905) 85; --Type: Elmer 6629 (K, lecto), Luzon: Benguet Prov, Mt Santo Tomas, Mar-1904; Docot 0090 (USTH, epi; NY, isoepi), Luzon: Benguet Prov, Tuba, Brgy Poblacion, Mt Santo Tomas, 1800m, 6-Nov-2016. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11). Photos
8. Adelmeria pinetorum (Ridl.) Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 180; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1923) 236; --Docot et al., Taxon 68 (2019) 517; --Alpinia pinetorum (Ridl.) Loesen. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15a (1930) 620; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 54; --Elmeria pinetorum Ridl., LPB 2 (1909) 569; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 49; --Type: Elmer 8548 (K, holo), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, small tufts in limestone rocks of the pine region at 5000ft (1524m), rare, Mar-1907. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province. Conservation status: Vulnerable (Docot et al. 2019). Photos
9. Adelmeria undulata Docot & Banag, Taxon 68 (2019) 517; --Type: Docot 0099 (PNH, holo; NY, USTH, iso), Luzon: Aurora Prov, Dingalan, Brgy Davil-Davilan, Mt Mingan, 1449m, 16-Jun-2017. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora. Conservation status: Endangered (Docot et al. 2019). Photos

Alpinia Roxb.

1. Alpinia apoensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2888; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 37; --Languas apoensis (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 230; --Type: Elmer 11889 (NY, lecto; BISH, F, G, GH, P, U, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao del Sur: Mt Apo, 1335m, Sep-1909. Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao (Mt Apo), PANAY. Primary forests, up to c. 1200m. Conservation status: Vulnerable B1ab(iii) (Naive et al. 2019). Photos
2. Alpinia brachyantha Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 296; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 39; --Languas brachyantha (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 230; --Type: Weber 1571. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan. Forests at low and medium elevation.
3. Alpinia brevilabris C.Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1827) 110; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 39; --Languas brevilabris (C.Presl) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 230. Endemic to the Philippines. BATANES and N LUZON to MINDANAO, in most islands and provinces. Common in primary forests at low and medium elevation. Photos
4. Alpinia congesta Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2968; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 41; --Kolowratia congesta (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 235; --Type: Elmer 16144. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon. Forested slopes, c. 450m. Photos
5. Alpinia copelandii Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 164; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 41; --Languas copelandii (Ridl.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 231; --Type: Copeland s.n.  Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Lowland forests.
6. Alpinia cumingii K.Schum. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 20 (1904) 315; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 42; --Languas cumingii (K.Schum.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 231; --Type: Cuming 859. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Albay. Photos
7. Alpinia elegans (C.Presl) K.Schum. in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 27 (1899) 288; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 43; --Kolowratia elegans C.Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1827) 113; EPFP 1 (1922) 235; --Steiner, PJS 88 (1959) 10. --Renealmia gracilis Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 1. --Renealmia exaltata Blanco, Fl. Filip., ed. 2 (1845) 1, nom. illeg., auct non L.f.; --Fl. Filip., ed. 3 (1877) 2. --Alpinia gracilis Rolfe, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 21 (1884) 316. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Apayao, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Pampanga, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, Zambales, PANAY, POLILLO, MINDORO, LEYTE. Low and medium elevation thickets along streams. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11). Photos
8. Alpinia elmeri R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 64; --Languas longipetiolata Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 232; --Alpinia longipetiolata Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2969, nom. illeg., auct. non Gagnep. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon. Forests up to 600m.
9. Alpinia flabellata Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 188; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 44; --Wu & Larsen, Flora of China 24 (2000) 340; --Languas flabellata (Ridl.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 231. --Languas flabellata var. major (Ridl.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 231; --Alpinia flabellata var. major Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) 188. Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Philippines. BATANES and N LUZON to MINDANAO. Medium elevation forests, ascending to 2000m. The Philippine populations of this taxon might prove to be taxonomically distinct at the species level from populations in Japan and Taiwan (Rudolph Docot, pers. comm., 14-Jan-21). Photos
10. Alpinia foxworthyi Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 189; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 45; --Languas foxworthyi (Ridl.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 231; --Type: BS 772 Foxworthy. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Lowland forests. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11). Photos
11. Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw., Obs. Bot. 4 (1791) 6; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 45; --Maranta galanga L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2 (1762) 3. --Languas pyramidata (Blume) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 233; --Alpinia pyramidata Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1827) 58. Himalayas through Malesia to the Moluccas. LUZON: Rizal, Laguna, Camarines, Sorsogon, PALAWAN, PANAY, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Lanao, Agusan. In old clearings, etc., sometimes planted. Photos
12. Alpinia glabrescens Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 185; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 45; --Languas glabrescens (Ridl.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 231; --Type: BS 3679 Fenix. Endemic to the Philippines. BATANES (BATAN, SABTAN). On slopes at low elevation. According to Merrill (1922) endemic unless identical with some Taiwan species represented by Faurie 975 of his 1913 collection. Photos
13. Alpinia graminea Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 189; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 45; --Languas graminea (Ridl.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 232; --Type: FB 7267 Everett. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, CATANDUANES, PANAY, NEGROS. Forests, up to 800m. Photos
14. Alpinia haenkei C.Presl, Symb. 1 (1832) 66; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 46; --Languas haenkei (C.Presl) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 232; --Type: Haenke s.n. (PR): Luzon: Sorsogon. --Alpinia philippinensis Ridl., Publ. Bur. Sci. Gov. Lab. 35 (1906) 86; --Type: Barnes 144 (K, syn), --Borden 1203 (US, syn), --Elmer 6089 (K, P, SING, syn). Endemic to the Philippines. BATANES and N LUZON to PALAWAN and MINDANAO, in most or all islands and provinces. Primary forests at low and medium elevation, often common. Alpinia haenkei was mistakenly recorded for Java by Newman et al. (2004) according to Rudolph Docot (pers. comm. 14-Jan-21). Photos
15. Alpinia illustris Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 185; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 46; --Languas illustris (Ridl.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 232; --Type: FB 544 Foxworthy. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDORO, PALAWAN. Forests along streams at low elevation; according to Merrill (1922) very similar to Alpinia malaccensis Rosc.
16. Alpinia intermedia Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48 (1902) 83; --Wu & Larsen, Fl. China 24 (2000) 343; --Tanaka et al., Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ser. B, 44 (2018) 37. China, Japan, Myanmar, Ryukyu Isls, Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines. Photos
    
17. Alpinia luteocarpa Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3803; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 49; --Type: Elmer 17926 (BISH, BM, K, L, MO, NY, U, US, iso), Luzon: Laguna, Mt Makiling, in humus-covered but well-drained soil of dense woods along steep ravines at 2000ft, Jul-1917. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna (Mt Makiling), in forest, c. 600m. Photos
18. Alpinia macroscaphis K.Schum. in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 27 (1899) 284; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 50; --Languas macroscaphis (K.Schum.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 232. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: probably Davao (collected by Warburg, type in B, according to Merrill, 1922)
19. Alpinia mollis C.Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1827) 110; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 51; --Languas mollis (C.Presl) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 232; --Type: Haenke ?s.n. Endemic to the Philippines.
    
20. Alpinia musifolia Ridl., LPB 2 (1909) 604; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 51; --Languas musifolia (Ridl.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 232; --Type: Elmer 9539 (SING, ?holo; BISH, GH, K, MO, NY, US, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mtns, in rich soil of woods at 4000ft (1219m), Mar-1908. --Alpinia edanoi R.M.Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 35 (1977) 200; --Type: PNH 7132 Edaño (L, holo; A, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, Mt Malbug, summit, 840m, 20-Jun-1948. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, NEGROS: Negros Oriental. Forests, 840-1200m. Photos
21. Alpinia penduliflora Ridl., LPB 2 (1909) 570; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 54; --Languas penduliflora (Ridl.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 233; --Type: Elmer 7288 (K, SING), Leyte: Leyte, Palo, Jan-1906. Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE. Probably from forests at low elevation.
22. Alpinia pubiflora (Benth.) K.Schum. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 20 (1904) 313; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 55; --Languas pubiflora (Benth.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 233; --Hellenia pubiflora Benth. in Hook., London J. Bot. 2 (1843) 235. Caroline Isls, New Guinea, Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, Sorsogon, GUIMARAS, CAMIGUIN DE MINDANAO, MINDANAO. Forests at low and medium elevation.
23. Alpinia romblonensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2889; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 56; --Languas romblonensis (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 233; --Type: Elmer 12050 (NY, iso), Romblon: in gravelly soil along stream banks near sea level, Mar-1910. Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY, ROMBLON, SAMAR. Along streams at low elevation. Photos
24. Alpinia rosea Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2890; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 56; --Languas rosea (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 233; --Type: Elmer 12509. Endemic to the Philippines. PANAY (photos), SIBUYAN (Mt Giting-giting). Dense forests, c. 1350m. Photos
25. Alpinia rufa C.Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1827) 114; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 57; --Languas rufa (C.Presl) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 234. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, Sorsogon, POLILLO, CATANDUANES, PANAY, NEGROS, LEYTE, SAMAR, BUCAS GRANDE, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, BASILAN. Forests at low and medium elevation. Photos
26. Alpinia sibuyanensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2891; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 58; --Languas sibuyanensis (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 234; --Type: Elmer 12316 (K, MO, NY, US, iso). Endemic to the Philippines. SIBUYAN. Forests along streams, c. 225m.
27. Alpinia subfusicarpa Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2892; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 59; --Languas subfusicarpa (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 234; --Type: Elmer 10506 (BISH, GH, K, MO, NY, U, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, in fertile humus covered soil of deep damp woods at 4000ft (1219m), May-1909. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao. Damp primary forests, c. 1200m.
28. Alpinia trachyascus K.Schum. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 20 (1904) 336; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 60; --Languas trachyascus (K.Schum.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 234; --Type: Warburg 14514 (B). Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao. According to Merrill, he only saw the type which has the facies of Alpinia haenkei C.Presl.
29. Alpinia vulcanica Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2971; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 61; --Languas vulcanica (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 234; --Type: Elmer 16168 (GH, MO, NY, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon,  Irosin, Mt Bulusan, upper edge of a high waterfall, lodged upon the very end of the overhanging bed rocks of a very humid densely wooded gulch at 2000ft (610m), May-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Camarines, Sorsogon, BUCAS GRANDE. Primary forests at low and medium elevation, ascending to 800m. Photos
30. Alpinia wenzelii Merr., PJS 9 c (1914) Bot. 353; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 61, as ‘wenzlii’; --Languas wenzelii (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 235; --Type: C.A. Wenzel 623 (L, MO, US, iso), Leyte: Leyte, Dagami, in forest, 500m, 11-Mar-1914. Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE. In forests, c. 500m.

Known only in cultivation:

1. Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K.Schum., Pflanzenr. (Engler) Zingib. (1904) 323; --Guillainia purpurata Vieill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie 10 (1866) 93. Bismarck Arch, Moluccas, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pacific, Solomon Isls. Not native to the Philippines. Cultivated (R.V.A. Docot pers. comm. 13-Jan-2021). Photos
   
2. Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31 (1972) 204; --Costus zerumbet Pers., Syn. Pl. 1 (1805) 3. --Languas speciosa (J.C.Wendl.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 234; --Zerumbet speciosum J.C.Wendl., Hort. Herrenhus. 4 (1801) 3. China, Japan. Cultivated in other warm countries. Occasionally planted for ornamental purposes, but not a native of the archipelago and nowhere naturalized. Photos

Doubtful Alpinia s.l. species:

1. Alpinia pulchella K.Schum. in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 27 (1899) 276; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 55; --Languas pulchella (K.Schum.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 233. New Guinea. Merrill (1922) cites a Warburg specimen from Mindanao although noting that no Philippine material representing the species has been seen by him. New Guinea.
2. Kolowratia eruciformis Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 182; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 235; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 43; --Type: Merrill 5258 (US, iso), Bucas Grande, 4-Oct-1906. Endemic to the Philippines. BUCAS GRANDE. Dry slopes at the borders of forests at low elevation.
3. Languas pendula Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 138; --Type: BS 43328 Ramos (UC, holo), Bohol: Bohol,  Sevilla, in thickets, c. 300m, 17-Sep-1923. Endemic to the Philippines. BOHOL. Thickets and damp forests, 300-700m.
   
4. Languas pinatubensis Elmer, LPB 9 (1934) 3225; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 54, as ‘pintatubensis’; --Type: Elmer 22058 (BM). Endemic to the Philippines. "Described from fruiting material and considered by Elmer to be close to A. flabellata Ridl. (sect. Alpinia subsect. Presleia). Since the character of the labellum cannot be checked, no new combination has been made", Smith (1990).
   
5. Languas scorpoidea Quisumb. & Merr., PJS 37 (1928) 139; --Type: BS 48947 Ramos & Edaño s.n. (PNH, holo, lost; K, NY UC, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao Oriental Prov, Mati, along streams in forests at low elevation, 16-Apr-1927. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental. Photos

Amomum L.

1. Amomum dealbatum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 42; --Acma, Asia Life Sciences 23 (2014) 530. Nepal to China to Indochina, Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, PANAY. Photos

Boesenbergia Kuntze

1. Boesenbergia eburnea Docot, Edinburgh J. Bot. 77 (2020) 380; --Type: Docot et al. 0189 (PNH, holo; CAHUP, E, FEUH, L, USTH, iso), Palawan: Brooke’s Point, Brgy Malis, Mt Mantalingajan, 27-Sep-2018. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Conservation status: Critically Endangered (Docot et al. 2020). Photos
   
2. Boesenbergia leonardocoi Funak. & Docot, Edinburgh J. Bot. 77 (2020) 384; --Type: Docot et al. 0112 (PNH, holo; L, NY, USTH, iso), Palawan: Puerto Princesa City, Brgy Iwahig, Mt Thumbpeak (Mt Pulgar), 2-Oct-17. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Conservation status: Endangered (Docot et al. 2020). Photos
   
3. Boesenbergia longipetiolata (Ridl.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1924) 243; --Gastrochilus longipetiolatus Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 166; --Type: FB 9110 Whitford & Hutchinson, Mindanao: Zamboanga Sibugay. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga. Lowland primary forests.
4. Boesenbergia macropoda Merr., PJS 30 (1926) 391; --Type: BS 44394 (K, NY, US, iso), Jolo: near cultivated areas at low elevation, Sep-1924. Endemic to the Philippines. JOLO. Lowlands near cultivated areas.

Catimbium Juss. = Alpinia

Curcuma L. [Not native]

1. Curcuma longa L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 2; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1924) 243. --Curcuma domestica Valeton, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg ser. II, 27 (1918) 31; --Steiner, PJS 88 (1959) 19. India to W Malesia. Not native to the Philippines. Cultivated. Occasionally naturalized in open waste places and thickets.
2. Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Rosc., Monandr. Pl. (1828) t. 109; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 158; EPFP 1 (1924) 243; --Steiner, PJS 88 (1959) 18; --Amomum zedoaria Christm. in G.F.Christmann & G.W.F.Panzer, Vollst. Pflanzensyst. 5 (1779) 12. --Costus nigricans Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 3; Fl. Filip., ed. 2 (1845) 3; Fl. Filip., ed. 3 (1877) 5. --Costus luteus Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 4; Fl. Filip., ed. 2 (1845) 3; Fl. Filip., ed. 3 (1877) 6. Himalaya to India. Not native to the Philippines. Cultivated. Naturalized in thickets and open places. Photos

Known only in cultivation:

1. Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 25. Native to India. Not native to the Philippines (Škornicková & Sabu 2005).
   

Etlingera Giseke

1. Etlingera alba (Blume) A.D.Poulsen, Etlingera Sulawesi (2012) 58; --Poulsen & Docot, Edinburgh J. Bot. 76 (2019) 34; --Elettaria alba Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 1 (1827) 53; --Type: from Indonesia. --Hornstedtia lepicarpa (Ridl.) Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2979; --Amomum lepicarpum Ridl., LPB 2 (1909) 605; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 239; --Type: Elmer 10044. Moluccas, New Guinea, Sulawesi, Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, NEGROS, MINDANAO: Davao, PANAY. Photos
2. Etlingera brevilabrum (Valeton) R.M.Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 243; --Poulsen & Docot, Edinburgh J. Bot. 76 (2019) 35; --Achasma brevilabrum Valeton, Icon. Bogor. 2 (1906) t. 202. Borneo, Philippines. SAMAR. Photos
3. Etlingera bulusanensis (Elmer) A.D.Poulsen, Edinburgh J. Bot. 76 (2019) 36; --Amomum bulusanense Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2973; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 238; --Type: Elmer 16395 (BM, lecto; BISH, BM, BO, C, F, G, GH, HBG, L, MICH, MO, NY, PH, S, U, US, Z, isolecto), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, 2000ft, Apr-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon. Primary forests, c. 600m.
4. Etlingera coccinea (Blume) S.Sakai & Nagam., Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (2003) 190; --Poulsen & Docot, Edinburgh J. Bot. 76 (2019) 36; --Elettaria coccinea Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1827) 53; --Type: from Java (lecto). --?Etlingera punicea (Roxb.) R.M.Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 249; --Alpinia punicea Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 73. Borneo, Java, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Philippines. LUZON: Camarines Norte, Isabela, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, Misamis Oriental. 300-1400m. Photos
5. Etlingera dalican (Elmer) A.D.Poulsen, Blumea 48 (2003) 524; --Poulsen & Docot, Edinburgh J. Bot. 76 (2019) 36; --Amomum dalican (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 238; --Hornstedtia dalican Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2906; --Type: Elmer 11626 (UC, lecto; BISH, BM, BO, F, FI, G, GH, HBG, K, L, MO, NY, P, PH, U, US, Z, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, in fertile moist soil in open glens near springs or streamlets among the forests at 3500ft (1067m), Sep-1909. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao (Mt Apo), Zamboanga del Norte (photo). Small streamlets in forests, c. 1100m. Photos
   
6. Etlingera dostseiana Naive, Demayo & Alejandro, Ann. Bot. Fennici 58 (2020) 34; --Type: Lambiguit & Naive 105 (USTH, holo), Mindanao: Bukidnon, Malaybalay City, Kibalabag, Mt Kiamo, 24-May-2018. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Misamis Oriental. Photos
   
7. Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 244; --Poulsen & Docot, Edinburgh J. Bot. 76 (2019) 37; --Alpinia elatior Jack, Malayan Misc. 2 (1822) 2; --Type: from Indonesia. --Phaeomeria speciosa (Blume) Koord., Exkurs.-Fl. Java 1 (1911) 332; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 241; --Nicolaia speciosa (Blume) Horan., Prod. Scitam. 32 (1862) t.1; --Steiner, PJS 88 (1959) 29; --Elettaria speciosa Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae (1827) 51. --Phaeomeria imperialis Lindl., Nat. Syst. ed. 2 (1836) 446, nom, inval.; --Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 177; --Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2907. --Phaeomeria magnifica (Roscoe) K.Schum., Pflanzenr. (Engler) Zingib. (1904) 262; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 241; --Alpinia magnifica Roscoe, Monandr. Pl. Scitam. 13-14 (1828) t.75. Thailand to Malesia. MINDANAO. Cultivated. Probably naturalized according to Steiner (1959). Photos
   
8. Etlingera fimbriobracteata (K.Schum.) R.M.Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 245; --Poulsen & Docot, Edinburgh J. Bot. 76 (2019) 37; --Amomum fimbriobracteatum K.Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 317; --Type: from Borneo. --Etlingera pandanicarpa (Elmer) A.D.Poulsen, Blumea 48 (2003) 525; --Amomum pandanicarpum (Elmer) Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2899; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 240; --Hornstedtia pandanicarpa Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2899; --Type: Elmer 10508 (DS, lecto; BISH, BM, BO, F, FI, G, GH, K, L, MO, NY, P, U, US, Z, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, rich soil of a steep open glen among monstrous wild 'abaca' or Manila hemp plants at 3500ft (1067m) elevation, May-1909. Borneo, Philippines. CEBU (photos by J.F. Barcelona), PANAY, LUZON: Bulacan, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Davao Oriental. Medium elevation forests, ascending to 1100m. Photos
   
9. Etlingera hamiguitanensis Naive, Taiwania 62 (2017) 341; --Poulsen & Docot, Edinburgh J. Bot. 76 (2019) 37; --Type: Naive 0132016 (CMUH, holo; PNH, iso), Mindanao: Davao Oriental, San Isidro, La Union, Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary, terrestrial in shaded localities near the stream, 568m, 21-Oct-2016. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental. Conservation Status: Data Deficient (Naive 2017). Photos
   
10. Etlingera linearifolia (Elmer) A.D.Poulsen, Edinburgh J. Bot. 76 (2019) 38; --Amomum linearifolium Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2975; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 239; --Type: Elmer 16926 (BM, lecto; BISH, BM, BO, C, F, FI, G, GH, HBG, K, L, MO, NY, P, S, U, US, Z), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, 1000ft, Oct-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon. Thickets bordering forests, c. 300m.
    
11. Etlingera philippinensis (Ridl.) R.M.Sm., Not. Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 248; --Poulsen & Docot, Edinburgh J. Bot. 76 (2019) 39; --Amomum philippinense (Ridl.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 240; --Hornstedtia philippinensis Ridl., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 86, excl. fruit description; LPB 2 (1909) 605; PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 175; --Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2905; LPB 8 (1919) 2981; --Type: E.B. Copeland 416 (SING, lecto; G, K, P, isolecto), Mindanao: Davao, Mar-1904. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDORO, PALAWAN, PANAY, NEGROS, BILIRAN, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao. Low and medium elevation forests. Photos
12. Etlingera pilosa A.D.Poulsen & Docot, Edinburgh J. Bot. 76 (2019) 40; --Naive et al., Biodiversitas 22 (2021) 3176; --Hornstedtia pubescens (Ridl.) Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2979; --Amomum pubescens (Ridl.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 240; --Amomum lepicarpum Ridl. var. pubescens Ridl., LPB 2 (1909) 604; --Type: Elmer 10384 (K, lecto; BISH, BM, BO, E, G, HBG, K, L, NY, US, Z, isolecto), Negros: Negros Oriental Prov, Dumaguete, Cuernos de Negros Mts, 3500ft, Jun-1908. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, NEGROS. Forests, c. 1100m. Conservation status: Least Concern (Naive et al. 2021). Photos
    
13. Etlingera pubimarginata (Elmer) A.D.Poulsen, Edinburgh J. Bot. 76 (2019) 40; --Amomum pubimarginatum Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2900; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 240; --Type: Elmer 10546 (BM, lecto; BISH, BM, BO, F, G, K, L, MO, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, well-drained soil of dense woods at 4250ft (1295m) S of the Sibulan River, May-1909. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur (Mt Apo), Misamis Oriental. Primary forest, 1200-1500m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (Naive et al. 2019). Photos
    
14. Etlingera purpurea (Elmer) A.D.Poulsen, Blumea 48 (2003) 525; --Poulsen & Docot, Edinburgh J. Bot. 76 (2019) 40; --Amomum purpureum (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 240; --Hornstedtia purpurea Elmer, LPB 9 (1919) 2984; --Type: Elmer 16819 (L, lecto; BISH, BM, BO, C, F, FI, G, GH, HBG, K, MO, NY, P, S, U, UC, US, Z, isolecto), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, Aug-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan). Densely forested ravines, c. 450m.
    
15. Etlingera sessilanthera R.M.Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 240; --Poulsen & Docot, Edinburgh J. Bot. 76 (2019) 41; --Type: from Borneo. Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Photos
    
16. Etlingera sorsogonensis (Elmer) A.D.Poulsen, Blumea 48 (2003) 526; --Poulsen & Docot, Edinburgh J. Bot. 76 (2019) 41; --Hornstedtia sorsogonensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2985; --Type: Elmer 16925 (G, lecto; BM, BO, C, F, FI, G, GH, HBG, K, MO, NY, P, U, UC, US, Z, isolecto), Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, in loose humus-covered damp soil of thickets along borders of woods at 1000ft (305m), Aug-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan). Lowland forest, c. 300m.
17. Etlingera subviridis (Elmer) A.D.Poulsen, Edinburgh J. Bot. 41 (2018) 9; --Poulsen & Docot, Edinburgh J. Bot. 76 (2019) 41; --Hornstedtia subviridis Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2987; --Type: Elmer 16437 (NY, lecto; BISH, C, DS, F, FI, G, GH, HBG, K, L, MICH,MO, P, PH, S, U, Z, isolecto), Luzon: Sorsogon Prov, Irosin, Mt Bulusan, on a well-drained stony incline among jungled woods at 1000ft (305m), Jun-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon.

Geocharis (K.Schum.) Ridl.

1. Geocharis fusiformis (Ridl.) R.M.Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 43 (1986) 458; --Amomum fusiforme Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 171; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 238. Borneo, Philippines. Photos
   • var. fusiformis. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN, PANAY, NEGROS, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Davao Oriental, Surigao, Zamboanga. Low and medium elevation forests. 

Globba L.

Last edited by Pieter B. Pelser, 4 April 2021

1. Globba aurea Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2902; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1924) 244; --Type: Elmer 13243. Endemic to the Philippines. BUSUANGA, PALAWAN. Low and medium elevation thickets and rock crevices along streams. Photos
2. Globba campsophylla K.Schum. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 20 (1904) 145; --Ridl., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 83; PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 159; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1924) 244; --Sangvirotjanapat et al., Edinburgh J. Bot. 77 (2020) 18; --Type: Cuming 1390 (K, lecto; E, FI, K, MO, isolecto), Luzon: Nueva Ecija. --Globba merrillii Ridl., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philipp.) 35 (1906) 83; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1924) 245; --Type: Merrill 3869 (K, lecto; BM, K, US), Luzon: Bataan. Mt Mariveles, Aug-1904. Endemic to the Philippines. CATANDUANES, CORRIGIDOR, LEYTE, LUZON: Bataan, Benguet, Bulacan, Camarines Sur, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, MASBATE, MINDORO, PANAY, POLILLO, SAMAR, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Zamboanga. Low and medium elevation damp thickets and forests, on and about cliffs, etc. Conservation status: Least Concern (Sangvirotjanapat et al. 2020). Photos
3. Globba francisci Ridl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 42 (1914) 162; --Docot et al., Gard. Bull. Singapore 71 (2019) 453; --Sangvirotjanapat et al., Edinburgh J. Bot. 77 (2020) 28; --Type: from Borneo. Borneo, Philippines. PALAWAN. Conservation status: Least Concern (Sangvirotjanapat et al. 2020). Photos
   
4. Globba gracilis K.Schum. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 20 (1904) 145; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1924) 244; --Sangvirotjanapat et al., Edinburgh J. Bot. 77 (2020) 30; --Type: Warburg 14580 (B, lost), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Gagapan, Jun-1888, 300-1000m; Sands & Gutiérrez 3167 (K, neo), Mindanao: Davao del Sur, Mt Apo, 21-Feb-76, 1200m. --Globba leucocarpa Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 161; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1924) 244; --Type: Elmer 7298 (E, lecto), Leyte: Palo. Endemic to the Philippines. LEYTE, LUZON: Benguet, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Davao del Sur, MINDORO, NEGROS, PALAWAN, POLILLO. Low and medium elevation, in damp primary forests, on shaded cliffs, etc. Conservation status: Least Concern (Sangvirotjanapat et al. 2020).
5. Globba marantina L., Mant. 2 (1771) 170; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1924) 244; --Steiner, PJS 88 (1959) 6. --Globba barthei Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48 (1901) 208; --Ridl., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philipp.) 35 (1906) 83. Across Malesia to the Bismarck Archipelago. Introduced to the Philippines. LUZON: La Union, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Cavite, Zambales, PALAWAN, PANAY, MINDORO, NEGROS. Lowland and medium elevation thickets near human settlements. Often common. Photos
6. Globba ustulata Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48 (1901) 208; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1924) 245; --Type: Marche 227B (P), Balabac. Indochina to Philippines.
   
   • var. ustulata. Endemic to the Philippines. BALABAC.

1. Globba brevifolia (K.Schum.) K.Schum. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 20 (1904) 145; --Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 160; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1924) 244; --Sangvirotjanapat et al., Edinburgh J. Bot. (2020) 59; --Globba parviflora C.Presl var. brevifolia K.Schum. in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 27 (1899) 330, nom. nud.; --Type: Warburg 14060 (B), Luzon: Zambales, Palauig. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Zambales.
2. Globba latifolia Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) 161; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1924) 244; --Sangvirotjanapat et al., Edinburgh J. Bot. 77 (2020) 60; --Type: Merrill 4064 (SING, syn), Mindoro: Mindoro Oriental, Baco River, Mar-1905; Copeland s.n. (MICH, syn), Mindanao: Zamboanga, San Ramon; Williams 2324 (US, syn), Mindanao: Zamboanga, San Ramon, Feb-1905. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Zamboanga, MINDORO.
3. Globba parviflora C.Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1827) 115; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1924) 245; --Sangvirotjanapat et al., Edinburgh J. Bot. 77 (2020) 60; --Type: Haenke s.n. (PR, PRC, syn), Luzon: Sorsogon. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Rizal, Albay, Sorsogon, LEYTE, MINDANAO. Lowland and medium elevation forests.
4. Globba pyramidata Gagnep., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 48 (1901) 208; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1924) 245; --Sangvirotjanapat et al., Edinburgh J. Bot. 77 (2020) 61; --Type: Montaño 203 (P, lecto), Mindanao: Dec-1880. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan (Weber 1128). Lowland primary forests.

Hedychium Koenig

1. Hedychium coronarium Koenig in Retz., Obs. 3 (1783) 73; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 157; EPFP 1 (1922) 241; --Steiner, PJS 88 (1959) 7. Native of India, now widely cultivated and naturalized in many parts of the tropics. Introduced and cultivated in the Philippines for ornamental purposes. Kamia. Invasive species (CABI 2017). Photos
2. Hedychium philippinense K.Schum. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 20 (1904) 47; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 242; --Paguntalan et al., Project Tawsi: Sulu Hornbill Project (2020) 39; --Type: Vidal 3924 (K), Jolo. Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU (photos by Pelser & Barcelona), JOLO, LEYTE, LUZON: Camarines Norte, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon, Sorsogon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao, Lanao del Sur, NEGROS, POLILLO, TAWI-TAWI. Lowland and medium elevation humid forests, ascending to 1100m, often epiphytic or pseudoepiphytic. Conservation status: Endangered (DAO 2017-11). Photos

Hornstedtia Retz.

1. Hornstedtia annadeguzmanniae Naive & Alejandro, Ann. Bot. Fennici 56 (2018) 102; --Type: M.A. Naive 031 (PNH, holo; USTH, HNUL, iso), Mindanao: Misamis Oriental, Claveria, Aposkahoy, Sitio Lantawon, 1029m, 12-Sep-17. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental. Photos
   
2. Hornstedtia conoidea Ridl. in Elmer, LPB 2 (1909) 605; PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 175; --Amomum conoideum (Ridl.) Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2972; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 238; --Type: Elmer 10246 (K 3 sheets, NY, US, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mtns, in fertile soil of damp ravines at 2000ft (610m), Jun-1908. Endemic to the Philippines. CEBU, DINAGAT, LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, NEGROS: Negros Oriental (Cuernos Mtns), MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Bukidnon, Davao City, Davao Oriental, Lanao del Sur (Camp Keithley), Misamis Oriental, Surigao del Norte. Damp forested ravines, medium elevation. Photos
3. Hornstedtia crispata Docot, Gard. Bull. Singapore 71 (2019) 448; --Type: Docot et al. 0191 (PNH, holo; FEUH, L, USTH, iso), Palawan: Brooke’s Point, Brgy Malis, Mt Mantalingajan, 1228m, 28-Sep-2018. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Conservation status: Endangered B2ab(iii) (Docot et al. 2019). Photos
   
4. Hornstedtia garbosa Naive & Alejandro, Phytotaxa 347 (2018) 184; --Type: M.A. Naive 028/2017 (PNH, holo; USTH, iso), Mindanao: Misamis Oriental, Claveria, Aposkahoy, Sitio Lantawon, 1115m, 12-Sep-2017. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Misamis Oriental. Conservation status: Data Deficient (Naive & Alejandro 2018). Photos
   
5. Hornstedtia havilandii (K.Schum.) K.Schum., Pflanzenreich 20 (1904) 193; --Amomum havilandii K.Schum. in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 27 (1899) 303; --Type: from Sabah. Borneo, Philippines. MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Zamboanga del Norte, JOLO (BS 44454 Ramos & Edaño), SULU. Lowland second-growth forests.
6. Hornstedtia lophophora Ridl., LPB 2 (1909) 607; --Amomum lophophorum (Ridl.) Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2973; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 239; --Type: Elmer 10365 (K, holo; L, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental Prov, Dumaguete, Cuernos Mts, 1200m. Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS: Negros Oriental, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao del Sur. Forested ravines, c. 1200m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (Naive et al. 2019). Photos
7. Hornstedtia microcheila Ridl., LPB 2 (1909) 606; PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 176; --Amomum microcheila (Ridl.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 239; --Type: Elmer 10279 (K000255170, lecto; BISH, BM, E, G, HBG, K 2 sheets, NY, isolecto), Negros: Negros Oriental, Dumaguete, 900m. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte, Davao Oriental, Surigao del Norte, NEGROS. Seepage banks along streams, 400-900m. Conservation status: Data Deficient (Naive 2018). Photos

Kaempferia L.

1. Kaempferia galanga L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 2; --Merr., Fl. Manila (1912) 157; EPFP 1 (1924) 242; --Steiner, PJS 88 (1959) 22. India through Malaya to the Moluccas. LUZON: Mountain Province, Rizal, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Not native to the Philippines. Lowland and medium elevation grasslands. Photos
2. Kaempferia philippinensis Merr., PJS 10 c (1915) Bot. 296; EPFP 1 (1924) 242; --Type: Ramos BS 14952 (PNH, holo, lost), Luzon: Laguna, San Antonio, Dahican River. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna. Lowland and medium elevation forests along streams. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11).

 Kolowratia C.Presl = Alpinia

 Languas Koenig = Alpinia

Leptosolena C.Presl [Endemic to the Philippines]

1. Leptosolena haenkei C.Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 (1827) 111; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 236; --Funakoshi et al., Acta Phytotax. et Geobot. 56 (2005) 45; --Type: Haenke s.n. (PR, lecto; PR isolecto). --Leptosolena auriculata Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3808, nom. nud.; --Voucher: Elmer 17997 (F, L, NY, W). Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, La Union, Benguet, Mountain Province, Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Zambales. 300-1300m. Abundant on sunny rocky slope in the pine belt of N Luzon. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11). Photos

Meistera Giseke

1. Meistera loheri (K.Schum.) Škornick. & M.F.Newman, Taxon 67 (2018) 26; --Amomum loheri K.Schum. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 20 (1904) 247; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 239; --Type: Loher 675 (K), 'Luzon central'. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON. “I saw Loher’s specimen at Kew in 1907 and at that time made a note that it was very similar to Amomum trilobum Ridl.”, Merrill (1922).
2. Meistera muricarpa (Elmer) Škornick. & M.F.Newman, Taxon 67 (2018) 26; --Hornstedtia muricarpa (Elmer) Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2980; --Amomum muricarpum Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2896; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 239; --Type: Elmer 10947. Endemic to the Philippines. Erroneously reported elsewhere (Ye et al. 2021). MINDANAO: Cotabato, Davao Oriental, Zamboanga, PANAY. Low and medium elevation primary forests. Photos
3. Meistera propinqua (Ridl.) Škornick. & M.F.Newman, Taxon 67 (2018) 27; --Hornstedtia propinqua (Ridl.) Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2979; --Amomum propinquum Ridl., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philipp.) 35 (1906) 84; PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 172; --Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2894; --Merr., Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 111; EPFP 1 (1922) 240; --Type: Elmer 6284. --Amomum echinatum auct. non Willd.; --Blanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 3; Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 1 (1877) 4. --Amomum aculeatum auct. non Roxb.; --Naves, Novis. App. (1880) 224. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Laguna, Batangas, Quezon, Sorsogon, MASBATE, BILIRAN, MINDANAO: Bukidnon, Davao. Lowland and medium elevation forests. Photos

Phaeomeria Lindl. = Etlingera

Plagiostachys Ridl.

1. Plagiostachys albiflora Ridl., J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 50 (1908) 150; --Type: from Peninsular Malaysia. Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao City.
   
2. Plagiostachys corrugata Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2908; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 237; --Type: Elmer 11130. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao (Mt Apo). Forests, c. 450m.
3. Plagiostachys elegans Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 178; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 237; --Type: Clemens s.n. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. Forests, c. 900m.
4. Plagiostachys escritorii Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2910; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 237; --Type: Elmer 10516. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Laguna, Sorsogon, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Medium elevation forests, ascending to 1300m.
5. Plagiostachys lata Elmer, LPB 10 (1939) 3805, nom. inval., no Latin diagnosis; --Type: Elmer 18234 (syn); Elmer 17618 (syn). LUZON: Laguna (Mt Makiling), Quezon (photos). Open places or among shrubberies of the foothills. Endemic to the Philippines. Photos
6. Plagiostachys lourdesiae Docot, Nordic J. Bot. 38 e02806 (2020) 2; --Type: Docot et al. 0244 (PNH, holo; FEUH, USTH, iso), Mindanao: Zamboanga del Sur,  Tigbao, Brgy Limas, Mt Timolan, 772m, 30-Nov-2018. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Agusan del Sur, Zamboanga del Sur. Conservation status: Vulnerable B2ab(iii) (Docot 2020). Photos
   
7. Plagiostachys parviflora (C.Presl) Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 178; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 237; --Amomum parviflorum C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2 (1833) 112; --Type: Elmer 16215. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon, PANAY, LEYTE, MINDANAO: Agusan del Norte. Low elevation primary forests. Photos
8. Plagiostachys philippinensis Ridl., LPB 2 (1909) 571; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 237; --Type: BS 33614 Ramos & Edaño. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora (photos), Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, POLILLO, SIBUYAN, CATANDUANES, PANAY, SAMAR, MINDANAO. Low and medium elevation primary forests. Photos
9. Plagiostachys rolfei (K.Schum.) Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 179; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 237; --Alpinia rolfei K.Schum. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 20 (1904) 368; --Type: Cuming 1327 (K 2 sheets), Luzon: Cagayan prov. (according to Merrill (1924) not Albay as label suggests). Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan.

Vanoverberghia Merr.

1. Vanoverberghia diversifolia Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2913, as 'diversifolium'; --Docot et al., Blumea 64 (2019) 147; --Alpinia diversifolia (Elmer) Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2991; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 43; --Languas diversifolia (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 231; --Type: Elmer 8853 (SING, lecto; BISH, BO, F, G, K, L, MO, NY, US, isolecto), Luzon: Benguet, Baguio, Mar-1907. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Benguet, Quezon. Damp ravines, c. 1000m. Photos
   
2. Vanoverberghia rubrobracteata Docot & Ambida, Blumea 63 (2018) 130; --Type: R.V.A. Docot 0123 (PNH256337, holo; E, NY, SING, USTH, iso), Luzon: Quezon, Tayabas, Brgy Lalo, Mt Banahaw, 14°03.561'N, 121°31.157'E, 1432 m, 12-Nov-2017. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Aurora, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Quezon, Rizal, Sorsogon, NEGROS, PANAY. Conservation status Least Concern (Ambida et al. 2018). Photos
   
3. Vanoverberghia sasakiana Funak. & H.Ohashi, Taiwania 45 (2000) 270; --Type: from Taiwan. Taiwan, Philippines. ?BATAN, CAMIGUIN, LUZON: Ilocos Norte. Photos
   
4. Vanoverberghia sepulchrei Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 76; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 238; --Type: Vanoverbergh 956 (BM, lecto; US, isolecto), Luzon: Mountain Province, Bontoc, 19-Oct-1910. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Sorsogon (Mt Bulusan). Steep slopes along stream gullies, medium elevation to 1500m. Conservation status: Other Threatened Species (DAO 2017-11).  Photos
5. Vanoverberghia vanoverberghii (Merr.) Funak. & Docot, Blumea 64 (2019) 154; --Alpinia vanoverberghii Merr., PJS 7 c (1912) Bot. 75; --R.M.Sm., Edinburgh J. Bot. 47 (1990) 61; --Languas vanoverberghii (Merr.) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 234; --Type: Vanoverbergh 573 (K, lecto, BM, E, GH, K, MO, P, US, Z, iso), Luzon: Mountain Province, Bauco, on hillsides, c. 1250m, 11-Jun-1910. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ifugao, Mountain Province. On slopes, c. 1350m. Photos

Wurfbainia Giseke

1. Wurfbainia elegans (Ridl.) Škornick. & A.D.Poulsen, Taxon 67 (2018) 29; --Amomum elegans Ridl., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philipp.) 35 (1906) 84; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 238. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Bataan, MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur. Low and medium elevation primary forests. Photos
2. Wurfbainia hedyosma (I.M.Turner) Škornick. & A.D.Poulsen, Taxon 67 (2018) 30; --Amomum hedyosmum I.M.Turner, Asian J. Trop. Biol. 4 (2000) 18. --Amomum trilobum Ridl., Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 35 (1906) 85, nom. illeg., auct. non Gagnep.; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 241; --Type: Bolster 67 (K 2 sheets, US), Luzon: Pampanga, Mt Arayat, May-1905. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Ilocos Norte, Mountain Province, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, PALAWAN, PANAY. Low and medium elevation primary forests.
3. Wurfbainia mindanaensis (Elmer) Škornick. & A.D.Poulsen, Taxon 67 (2018) 30; --Amomum mindanaense Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2894; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 239; --Type: Elmer 10822 (BISH, GH, MO, NY, US, iso), Mindanao: Davao, Mt Apo, Todaya, in damp deeply humus-covered ground of the oak forests at 3750ft (1143m) S of the Baruring River, Jun-1909. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao. Primary forest, c. 1100m. Photos
4. Wurfbainia palawanensis (Elmer) Škornick. & A.D.Poulsen, Taxon 67 (2018) 30; --Amomum palawanense Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2897; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 239; --Type: Elmer 12795 (BISH, GH, MO, NY, US, iso), Palawan: Palawan, Puerto Princesa, Mt Pulgar (Thumb Peak), in good soil among open thickets of woods along a creek bottom at 250ft (76m), Mar-1911. Endemic to the Philippines. PALAWAN. Lowland forests along streams. Very similar to Amomum mindanaense Elmer. Conservation status: Vulnerable (DAO 2017-11). Photos

Zingiber Boehmer

1. Zingiber aguingayae Docot, Gard. Bull. Singapore 71 (2019) 465; --Type: Docot et al. 0216 (PNH, holo; FEUH, L, USTH, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Bulusan, Brgy San Roque, Mt Bulusan, 433m, 28-Oct-2018. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon, ?MINDORO (photos). Conservation status: Critically Endangered CR B2ab(iii) (Docot et al. 2019). Photos
   
2. Zingiber apoense Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2914; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 228; --Type: Elmer 10545. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: Davao. Forests, 1000-1300m. Photos
3. Zingiber banahaoense Mood & Theilade, Nordic J. Bot. 21 (2001) 129; --Type: Mood 506 (AAU, holo; K, iso), Luzon, Quezon, Delores, Mt Banahao, above Kinabuhayan village. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Quezon, MINDANAO: Bukidnon. Photos
4. Zingiber brevifolium N.E.Br., Gard. Chron. 26 (1886) 390; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 228; --Type: W. Bull s.n. (K). Endemic to the Philippines. Described from cultivated specimens said to have originated from the Philippines. Otherwise unknown.
5. Zingiber bulusanense Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2993; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 228; --Docot et al., Gard. Bull. Singapore 71 (2019) 462. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon. Primary forests, c. 450m. Photos
6. Zingiber matutumense Mood & Theilade, Nordic J. Bot. 21 (2001) 130; --Type: Hepton W83P754 (AAU, holo), Mindanao: South Cotabato, Mt Matutum, 830m, 1982. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO: South Cotabato (Mt Matutum). Photos
7. Zingiber molle Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 168; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 229. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Mountain Province, Benguet, Pampanga, Quezon (Mt Banahaw). Forested stream gullies, 1100-1600m. Photos
8. Zingiber negrosense Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2917; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 229; --Type: Elmer 10421 (BISH, K, MO, NY, US, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mtns, Jun-1908. Endemic to the Philippines. NEGROS, MINDANAO: Davao. Forested ravines, c. 1050m. Photos
   
9. Zingiber purpureum Roscoe, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8 (1807) 348; --Bai et al., Taxon (2020) 1344; --Type: cult. Liverpool Botanic Garden, J. Shepherd s.n. (LINN, neo), 1824. --Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., Asiat. Research 11 (1810) 347; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 229; --Steiner, PJS 88 (1959) 25. --Zingiber pubisquamum Ridl., PJS 4 c (1909) Bot. 169; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 229; --Type: M.S. Clemens 1163a (K, lecto), Mindanao: Lanao del Sur, Lake Lanao, Camp Keithley, Sep-1907. Native of tropical continental Asia, pantropic in cultivation. Probably introduced in the Philippines (Bai et al. 2020). MINDANAO: Lanao del Sur prov. (Camp Keithley), MINDORO (photos). Cogon grasslands, c. 650m. Cassumunar ginger. Photos
   
10. Zingiber spectabile Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 3 (1851) 413; --Docot et al., Gard. Bull. Singapore 71 (2019) 460. Andaman Isls, Java, Nicobar Isls, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines. Not native to the Philippines. Cultivated. Naturalized. NEGROS. Photos
    
11. Zingiber subroseum Docot, Gard. Bull. Singapore 71 (2019) 469; --Type: Docot et al. 0204 (PNH, holo; FEUH, L, USTH, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon, Casiguran, Brgy Inalgadian, Mt Bulusan, 993m, 25-October-2018. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon. Conservation status: Critically Endangered CR B2ab(iii) (Docot et al. 2019). Photos
    
12. Zingiber sylvaticum Elmer, LPB 8 (1915) 2919; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 229; --Type: Elmer 9843 (NY, US, iso), Negros: Negros Oriental, Cuernos Mtns, Jun-1908. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Cagayan, Laguna, Quezon, Camarines, Sorsogon, POLILLO, CATANDUANES, NEGROS. Mainly in medium elevation forests, ascending to 1300m. Synonym of Zingiber molle Ridl.? Photos
13. Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm., Exot. Bot. 2 (1806) 105; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 229; --Steiner, PJS 88 (1959) 27; --Amomum zerumbet L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 1. --Zingiber zerumbet Smith var. magnum Elmer, LPB 9 (1919) 2922. Tropical and subtropical Asia, Philippines. Not native to the Philippines (Steiner 1959). Photos
    
    • ssp. zerumbet. Native of tropical Asia, now pantropic. LUZON, PANAY to MINDANAO, in most or all islands and provinces. Low and medium elevation thickets in and near settlements.

Known only in cultivation:

1. Zingiber officinale Rosc., Trans. Linn. Soc. 7 (1807) 348; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 229; --Steiner, PJS 88 (1959) 24. --Amomum zingiber L., Sp. Pl. 1 (1753) 1; --Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) 2; Fl. Filip., ed. 2 (1845) 2; Fl. Filip., ed. 3 (1877) 3. Native of tropical Asia, pantropical in distribution. Widely cultivated in the Philippines but nowhere naturalized. Ginger. Luya. Photos

Insertae sedis:

1. Amomum luzonense Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2976; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 239; --Type: Elmer 15645, Luzon: Sorsogon, Irosin (Mt Bulusan), well-drained ground of secondary woods or shrubberies, Jun-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon, BILIRAN. Low and medium elevation secondary forests.
2. Amomum warburgii (K.Schum.) K.Schum. in Engl., Pflanzenreich 4, 46 (1904) 257; --Costus warburgii K.Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 27 (1899) 346. Endemic to the Philippines. MINDANAO.
3. Hornstedtia irosinensis Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2981; --Amomum irosinense (Elmer) Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 239. --Hornstedtia peninsula Elmer, LPB 8 (1919) 2983; --Type: Elmer 16455 (MO, US, iso), Luzon: Sorsogon,  Irosin, Mt Bulusan, wet stony ground of herbaceous thickets in a densely shaded gulley between forested ridges at 1750ft (533m), Jun-1916. Endemic to the Philippines. LUZON: Sorsogon. Forested ravines, 350-500m.

Excluded species:

1. Amomum deuteramomum K.Schum. in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 27 (1899) 313; --Merr., EPFP 1 (1922) 238; --Type: Warburg 15735. Sulawesi. Only known from the type. Note by P.B. Pelser (18-Aug-2018): Merrill (1922) did not see specimens of this taxon, but cited Warburg 15735 and noted "Mindanao (Davao)" as locality. According to Poulsen (2012), this was in error and the type of Amomum deuteramomum is from Sulawesi.

Acknowledgements

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Copyright © 2011, Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines

Last updated 19 July 2021